Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Mollusks

Triploblasty, coelomates, not segmented. Bilateral symmetry. Soft body (head, visceral mass, foot). Limestone shell. Complete digestive tube (mouth-anus). Radula (in most). Open circulatory system (closed in cephalopods). Excretory system: 1 or 2 metanephridia. Ganglionic nervous system. Asexual or larval reproduction.

• Bivalves: Mussels
• Gastropods: Snails
• Cephalopods: Cuttlefish

Annelida

Triploblasty, coelomates. Bilateral symmetry. Elongated cylindrical body with rings or metamerism. Closed circulatory system. Ganglionic nervous system. Cutaneous respiration. Excretory system: metanephridia. Sexes separate or hermaphrodites. With or without a larval stage.

• Polychaetes: Marine worms
• Oligochaeta: Earthworms
• Hirudinea: Leeches

Arthropods

Triploblasty,...

Government and Society: The Perfect State

The State: The state is a perfect society that has all the means to achieve its goal, and it is necessary for defense, peace, economics, etc. The church is a society superior to the state and must be subjected to it, as this does not prevent achieving an end.

The Individual: In relations between the individual and the state, all sorts of things are kept, and since the individual is part of the state, laws should be ordered to the common good. Man is not simply a member of the state but a human being who must tend toward the supernatural end. The state's sovereignty is not absolute but is limited.

• By Natural Law: The sovereign has to legislate, apply, and define natural law, because natural precepts are

Mobile Iconographic Language Elements: The Plans

The camera lens captures a part of reality and frames it. The plane sequence is a scene filmed in a single shot (or take).

Elements of Plane Composition

Composition factors determine how visual elements are arranged within the frame:

• Field: Everything visible within the frame. This includes elements within the field and those outside, but logically deduced by the viewer.
• Composition: Elements of increased interest should be placed so that the frame is neither too crowded nor lacking in visual balance.
• Continuity: When framing a character, especially when they are looking or moving, allow extra space in those directions to maintain visual flow.

The Raccord (Continuity Editing)

The raccord is the arrangement...

Second Phase: Axis Initiatives (1940-1942)

The Battle of Britain

• The extensive use of aircraft resulted in significant losses of both personnel and planes for the Germans.

Intervention in the Balkans

• On October 28, 1940, the Italian army invaded Greece.
• Germany's intervention in the Balkans had two primary objectives:
  • Secure oil wells.
  • Control mines of lead, zinc, and bauxite to prevent the Balkans from falling under Soviet control.

The African Front

• This front was critical for controlling the Mediterranean and gaining access to the oil fields of the Near East.
• British and Italian forces clashed in Libya and Egypt.
• On October 23, 1940, Hitler and Franco met at Hendaye to discuss Spain's potential entry into the Axis. However, Spain was in no condition

Irregular Verb Forms in English

This is a list of common irregular verbs in English. Irregular verbs do not form their past tense or past participle by adding -ed. Instead, they have unique forms that must be memorized.

• be was/were been (ser o estar)
• become became become (llegar a ser)
• begin began begun (empezar)
• bend bent bent (doblarse)
• bet bet bet (apostar)
• bite bit bitten (morder)
• bleed bled bled (sangrar)
• blow blew blown (soplar)
• break broke broken (romperse)
• bring brought brought (traer)
• broadcast broadcast broadcast (emitir)
• build built built (construir)
• buy bought bought (comprar)
• catch caught caught (coger)
• choose chose chosen (elegir)
• come came come (venir)
• cost cost cost (costar)
• cut cut cut (cortar)
• dig dug dug (cavar)
• dive dived/dove dived/dove (bucear)

Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening
Robert Frost, USA (1874 – 1963)

Literal Comprehension

This poem by Robert Frost presents the scene of the speaker returning home at dusk in his horse-drawn sleigh. He stops to enjoy the peace and solitude of the moment. The snow falls softly, and the woods are attractive. There is no one else to break the silence. However, the horse sees no reason for stopping. It is growing dark, there is no farmhouse near, and they have miles to go. Reflecting on his horse’s impatience, the speaker acknowledges he must move on to keep his promises before he can sleep.

Interpretation

This poem evokes feelings related to both life and death. The dark evening and the solitary place, far from any village, suggest a sense of...

La Celestina and the Dawn of Spanish Theater

Two Distinct Theatrical Traditions

Early Spanish theater encompassed two distinct genres:

• Religious Theater: Focused on themes related to the life of Jesus.
• Profane Theater: Included burlesque, as well as amorous and pastoral themes.

Significant authors of this period included Lucas Fernández and Juan del Encina. Encina's characters often used a rustic language known as sayagués. A representative character is the shepherd, known for singing, dancing, being infatuated, and neglecting their duties. The merit of these authors, and of theater throughout the 15th century, lies in the appearance of La Celestina, written by Fernando de Rojas.

Authorship and Editing of La Celestina

The first known edition of...

The Colonnade of St. Peter's Basilica

A masterpiece of Baroque urban design by Gian Lorenzo Bernini.

Historical Context and Style

• Timeline: De Lany 1656–1667.
• Style: High Baroque (Distillation Baroque).
• Architect: Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
• Building System: Architrave.
• Location: Vatican City (Rome).

Architectural Elements and Structure

The colonnade supports an entablature surmounted by a balustrade and a large collection of statues. The structure is composed of four rows of Doric columns, which are more slender than usual, topped with an Ionic entablature. The 296 columns form a seemingly endless forest, wisely separating the square from the exterior without a harsh break.

The colonnade is crowned with a balustrade housing 140 statues of saints.

Spatial

Song Introduction

Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh! Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh!

Caught in a bad romance

Pre-Chorus

Rah rah ah-ah-ah! Ro mah ro-mah-mah

Gaga oh-la-la! Want your bad romance

Verse 1

I want your ugly, I want your disease

I want your everything, as long as it's free

I want your love, love-love-love, I want your love

I want your drama, the touch of your hand

I want your leather-studded kiss in the sand

I want your love, love-love-love, I want your love

(Love-love-love, I want your love)

You know that I want you

And you know that I need you

I want it bad, your bad romance

Chorus

I want your love and I want your revenge

You and me could write a bad romance (Oh-oh-oh-oh-oooh!)

I want your love and all your lovers' revenge

You and me could write a bad romance

Post-Chorus

Oh-oh-oh-oh-...

Business Combinations

1- Horizontal Combination

• Advantages: minimization of costs, maximization of profits, reduction of the possibilities of overproduction.

2- Vertical Combinations