Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

UNIT 3

• 1. We thank you for your letter of...
  - Le damos las gracias por su carta del...
• 2. In reply to your letter of...
  - En contestación a su carta del...
• 3. Thank you for your letter of...
  - Le damos las gracias por su carta de...
• 4. With reference to your letter of...
  - En referencia a su carta de...
• 5. Further to...
  - En referencia a...
• 6. We are pleased to enclose...
  - Estamos encantados de adjuntarle...
• 7. We have pleasure in enclosing...
  - Tenemos el placer de adjuntarle...
• 8. Our prices are subject to a 5% discount for cash...
  - Nuestros precios están sujetos a un 5% de descuento por pago en efectivo.
• 9. We have sent today by separate post...
  - Le hemos enviado hoy por correo aparte...
• 10. We require payment by banker's draft.
  - Necesitamos el pago

Word Processing

• Word processing program: A computer utility that allows you to create, edit, and save documents.
• Format: A specific way in which a document is stored.
• Spell check: A program utility that corrects misspelled words.
• Template: A predesigned document with gaps to be filled in.
• Font: A specific style of typeface used for documents.
• Compatibility: The ability of a word processing program to open documents created by other software.
• Layout: The arrangement of text and images on a page.
• Macro: Frequently used sequences of commands or text.

Email

• Email client: A program that saves, sends, and receives emails.
• Domain name: Words or letters used to identify companies and addresses.
• Password: Letters or numbers that allow a person to access an account.

Ionic Compounds and Electrical Conductivity

Why ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state

Explain why ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in their crystalline form. Electricity can only be conducted when ions are moving. In their crystalline form, the ions in the ionic compound are locked tightly in one place.

When ionic compounds are in a solid, crystalline lattice, cations and anions occupy fixed positions in the lattice. Because electric current in ionic materials is carried by mobile charged particles, the fixed ions cannot move and therefore the solid does not conduct electricity. By contrast, when the lattice is melted or dissolved in a polar solvent such as water, ions become free to move and the substance conducts... Continue reading "Why Ionic Compounds Are Nonconductive Solids and Their Properties" »

The Complete List of Irregular English Verbs

This comprehensive resource provides the infinitive, past simple, and past participle forms for essential irregular verbs, along with their corresponding Spanish meanings. Use this table to improve your English conjugation skills.

English-Spanish Phrases, Vocabulary and Practice Questions

Dream Symbols and Meanings

• If you dream that you are at a party, you are going to be very busy.
• If you dream that you are drinking champagne, you'll be successful.
• If you dream about flowers, you are feeling positive about the future.
• If you dream that somebody is playing the violin, you want some romance in your life.
• If you dream about an owl, you need to ask an older person for help.
• If you dream that you have cold feet, the person you love doesn't love you.

Travel and Car Vocabulary (English — Spanish)

• hatchback: utilitario
• ever: alguna vez
• drop: caer (to drop: dejar caer)
• thief: ladrón
• dashboard: salpicadero
• although: aunque
• traffic jam: atasco
• cheer up! ¡alegrar!
• lever: palanca
• perhaps: quizás
• check-

Master essential business terms with this comprehensive English-to-Spanish translation reference list, designed for professionals, entrepreneurs, and language learners.

General Business Terms

• Standard: norma
• Level: nivel
• Grade: grado
• Position: posición
• Investment: inversión
• Incentive: estímulo / ánimo
• Interim: provisional
• Inventory: inventario
• Enquiry: informe
• Estimate: estimación
• Engagement: compromiso
• Delivery: entrega
• Delivered: entregado
• Delivering: la entrega de
• Numbered catalogue: catálogo numerado
• Quote: cita
• Catalogue: catálogo
• Figure: cifra
• Pay up: saldar deuda

Finance, Accounting and Administration

• Advice: consejo
• Advise: aviso
• Invoice: facture
• Advisory: asesorar
• Final demand: ultimátum
• Statement: resumen / extracto
• Request: petición
• Stocktaking: inventario
• Services:

Fundamental Statistical Concepts

Estimates and Population Values

Estimates are statistics collected from samples and used to describe population values.

Scales of Measurement

Understanding the different scales of measurement is crucial for data analysis:

• Nominal Scale of Measurement: This is the simplest form of measurement, used when the dependent variable is qualitative. It categorizes data based on the name of some physical or psychological quality or characteristic rather than a numerical score.
• Ordinal Scale of Measurement: This is the simplest quantitative scale used to measure the dependent variable. Data are ranked in some order (such as highest to lowest, biggest to smallest, most important to least important), but it does not measure the

Statistics is a branch of applied Mathematics that uses numbers to describe and analyze data collected by Research scientists.

A Scientific hypothesis is a possible Explanation for the behavior that will be studied that is stated in the form of A prediction.  It is based on gathered Facts and theories from previous studies.  It must be testable and stated in a way that it can be falsified.

Null hypothesis is one of the two mutually Exclusive hypotheses that predicts there will be no relationship or change in Behavior(s) among the group(s) being measured, no sirve.

Research hypothesis is one of the two Mutually exclusive hypotheses that predicts there will be a relationship or Change in the behavior(s) measured.  
Variables are events or qualities... Continue reading "Climbing at constant" »

Alternators and Generators

1. Alternators vs. DC Generators

Alternators produce a usable voltage level at lower RPMs than DC generators because alternators have more field poles.

2. Delta Wound Three-Phase Alternator Stator

The windings wired in relation to each other in a delta-wound three-phase alternator stator are in series.

3. Generator Output

Generator output is expressed in the number of amps at rated voltage.

4. AC 43.13 Electrical System Design

The AC 43.13 suggests that the electrical system of an aircraft be designed so that when all systems are operating, no more than 80% of generator capacity can be exceeded.

5. Reverse Current Cutout Relay

The main function of a reverse current cutout relay in a generator system is preventing motoring of... Continue reading "Aircraft Electrical Systems" »

1. Grice’s Cooperative Principle: Flouting Maxims

Dialogue:

• A: Do you know where Mike is?
• B: There is a yellow BMW (Pragmatic presupposition: Mike owns a yellow BMW) outside Sue’s house. (Implicature: Mike is at Sue’s house).

This dialogue exemplifies the flouting of maxims. Flouting occurs when a speaker intends to communicate despite an apparent lack of cooperation. The speaker assumes the listener will use context to grasp the additional information intended beyond the literal utterance.

2. Analyzing Misunderstandings

Dialogue:

• A: I’d have some coffee, Daphne... Daphne?
• B: Er, Daph, this is Joe de Carlo. Joe, this is Daphne, she helps me here.
• C: Smells great. Colombian?
• D: (Laughs) No, English. (Realizes). The coffee is Costa Rican.
• C: Thanks.