Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Visual arts

Dihedral System

A representation system using cylindrical projection angles.

Elements

• Two perpendicular planes of projection: Vertical plane and horizontal plane.
• Intersection: The line between the vertical and horizontal planes.

Objects can be represented as points, straight lines, or solid plane figures. Their projections are called:

• Elevation (Front view)
• Plan (Top view)
• Profile (Side view)

Dimensioning Standards

Normalization is a set of graphic rules with the objective of facilitating international comprehension of technical drawings. Dimensioning marks the measurements of a piece using lines and numbers.

Bounding Elements

• Dimension lines
• Auxiliary or reference lines
• Dimension numbers

Dimensioning Systems

• Parallel
• Series
• Combined

Detailed Drafts

Freehand... Continue reading "Technical Drawing Systems and Projection Methods" »

The Graphic Line

A line is generated by the motion of a point along a path, creating length and width, while thickness is often considered a secondary dimension. The visual qualities of a line depend on its trajectory, which can be straight, curved, broken, or mixed.

Geometric Paths

Straight paths follow mathematical laws and are created using drafting tools. When a graphic line changes direction and returns to its starting point, it generates an area and perimeter, forming shapes such as squares, triangles, and circles. Combining these creates both regular and irregular forms.

Visual Qualities of the Graphic Plane

The form of a plane depends on the line defining its perimeter. Key characteristics include:

• Size: Defined in relation to the graphic

Point and Line as Visual Elements

The point is the simplest plastic element. It can take many forms and can have smooth or jagged edges. As an expressive element, a point can achieve chiaroscuro effects, suggest different textures and volume, and serve as a compositional element to create visual tension or suggest motion and direction.

The line is defined as the mark left when a point slips over the work surface. A line can be smooth or irregular and functions as an expressive element. It can be uniform, objective, or subjective. Lines can be modulated, broken, vertical or horizontal, bending or curved, or straight. Lines can also be used to embed figures within compositions by drawing support with simple geometric terms. A line can be closed... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Visual Elements: Point, Line, Texture, Color" »

Gallon Margarita Recipe

Ingredients

• 3 bottles of Tequila (a budget-friendly option like Sauza works well)
• 3/4 bottle of Triple Sec (orange liqueur)
• 1 liter of freshly squeezed lemon or lime juice
• 1 liter of orange juice
• 1 liter of simple syrup (pre-mixed or homemade)
• 4 liters of water

Gallon Daiquiri Recipe

Ingredients

• 3 bottles of white rum
• 1.5 liters of simple syrup
• 1.5 liters of freshly squeezed lemon or lime juice
• 4 liters of water

Piña Colada Recipe

Ingredients

• 2 scoops of coconut ice cream
• 1 part white rum
• Pineapple juice
• Crushed ice

Instructions

1. Combine all ingredients in a blender.
2. Blend until smooth and the ice is finely crushed.
3. Serve in a tulip glass.

Pisco Sour Recipe

Ingredients

• 1 egg white
• 1 shot of Pisco (e.g., Demonio de los Andes)
• Simple syrup (to taste)

Understanding Color and Its Properties

Color is a surface quality associated with objects. It depends on light and the sense of vision.

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Colors

• Primary colors: These are colors that are not created from the mixture of other colors. They include magenta, cyan, and medium yellow.
• Secondary colors: These result from the mixture of two primary colors.
• Complementary colors: These are the most contrasting pairs and are those positioned opposite each other on the chromatic circle.
• Tertiary colors: These are composed of a primary color mixed with a secondary color.

Temperature and Emotional Expression

• Cold colors (Cold range): These express chill or melancholy and include blue, green, and violet.
• Warm colors (Warm range): These

Understanding Color: Rainbows, Light, and Pigments

A rainbow occurs when sunlight passes through raindrops, separating the light into seven colored lights.

Absorption conveys the feeling of color when light illuminates an object. The object's surface absorbs some of the light. This property is called the absorption of light.

Reflection is when light is not absorbed but rejected, changing direction and creating the sensation of color.

Color is the name for each color and describes the colors that comprise their mixture (e.g., yellow and green make yellow-green).

Value and Saturation

Value describes the degree of clarity or obscurity of a tone, i.e., the amount of white or black in the composition. For example, magenta can be light, dark, or very dark.... Continue reading "Understanding Color: Rainbows, Light, Pigments, and Saturation" »

Map Projection

A map projection is a system of ordered correspondence between points on the curved surface of the Earth and a flat surface. These points are located on a network of meridians and parallels, in the form of a mesh (creating a series of distortions). Good projections must have two characteristics: to retain the areas (equivalence) and retain angles (conformity). Depending on which point is considered the center of the map, it is distinguished between:

• Polar projection: The center is one of the poles.
• Equatorial projection: The center is the intersection between the Equator and a meridian.
• Oblique or slanted projection: The center is any other point.

Functions of the Projections

Conformal Projections

A map projection is conformal when... Continue reading "Map Projections: Types, Functions, and Uses in GIS with GPS" »

Essential Literary Devices and Rhetorical Figures

• Alliteration: Occurs when repeating a phoneme or group of phonemes. Example: "A Polyphemus, horror of that siear, Barbara hut is gue album berry, and redil spacious where enci to err when run roughly cumbers ras cabrio."
• Onomatopoeia: A type of alliteration that mimics real sounds. Example: "The ticking of the watchmaker."
• Anaphora: The repetition of one or more words at the initial position of a phrase or verse. Example: "All wear a dress, a shoe fit all, all eat a banana, they are all pretty."
• Paronomasia: The use of two words with similar signifiers but different meanings. Example: "Clouds are ships and not."
• Polysyndeton: Coordinating various elements of language through abundant repeated conjunctions.

Communication and Its Functions

Communication: This process involves a transmitter, channel, benchmark, code, message, and receiver.

Functions:

• Insight: To transmit information, such as a green road traffic light.
• Free-expression: To vent our feelings, such as the Twin Towers or being a fan outdoors.
• Health: To express beauty and harmony, such as a landscape.
• Representative: To represent the reality created by humans, such as a street.

Signs, Symbols, and Branding

Signs and Symbols:

• Sign: A representation of a single image or idea that conveys information by which we understand its representation.
• Symbol: A sign that represents reality in an abstract way, providing ideas to be known to understand its meaning.

Types of Signs:

• Brand: A distinctive source

Understanding Space and Visual Perception

Space is the medium in which we move. It is unlimited and three-dimensional, meaning it has three dimensions: height, width, and depth. Through these, we can understand the form, saturation, and position of any solid body.

The way our eyes perceive space, the visual field, is divided into two general planes: the plane of the sky and the plane of the earth. These are separated by the horizon, seen at the eye level of the human observer. Each observer perceives their environment from a single point of view, which changes simply by altering the direction of their gaze or the position from which they observe.

Representing Three-Dimensional Space on a Plane

Drawing on a plane (which has height and width) is... Continue reading "Visualizing Space: Perception, Perspective, and Artistic Techniques" »