Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Training and Employment Advise

Unit 3: Understanding the Passive Voice

Passive Voice Formation Across English Tenses

The passive voice is formed using the verb to be + the past participle of the main verb.

1. Present Simple Tense

• Active: Farmers grow food.
• Passive: Food is grown by farmers.

2. Present Continuous Tense

• Active: They are making a film.
• Passive: A film is being made.

3. Present Perfect Tense

• Active: Scientists have discovered a new planet.
• Passive: A new planet has been discovered by scientists.

4. Past Simple Tense

• Active: The police arrested him.
• Passive: He was arrested by the police.

5. Past Continuous Tense

• Active: They were planning the next party.
• Passive: The next party was being planned.

6. Past Perfect Tense

• Active: Someone had stolen my car.
• Passive: My car had been

English Question Words (Wh-Words)

Who (quem)

Who is a subject pronoun used in questions.

Examples:

• Who is that beautiful girl? (Quem é aquela moça bonita?)
• Who likes soccer? (Quem gosta de futebol?)
• Who was playing with you? (Quem estava brincando com você?)

Whom (a quem)

Whom is an object pronoun used in questions (often formal).

Examples:

• Whom did you kiss at the party? (Quem você beijou na festa?)
• With whom did Peter go? (Com quem Peter foi?)

Whose (de quem)

Whose indicates possession.

Examples:

• Whose pencil is this? (De quem é este lápis?)
• Whose house is that? (De quem é aquela casa?)

Which (qual, quais)

Which is used when choosing between options.

Examples:

• Which of those men is your father? (Qual daqueles homens é seu pai?)
• Which sock do you prefer:

René Descartes: Theory of Knowledge

Descartes' philosophy begins with the search for a method to distinguish truth from falsehood. He emphasizes the necessity of a rigorous approach to knowledge, arguing that reason is infallible if utilized correctly. To achieve this, Descartes defines truth as certainty, which possesses two essential characteristics: clarity and distinction. For something to be certain, it must be clearly presented to the mind and well-delimited. He utilizes intuition to grasp truths without error and deduction to derive further truths from those initial foundations.

Types of Doubt

To distinguish truth from falsehood, Descartes proposes the systematic use of doubt:

• Universal: Doubting everything, including all philosophical

Constitutional Rights: Continued Areas

Educational and Petition Rights

• Right to Education: The state provides free and compulsory education for all citizens.
• Right of Petition: Every individual has the right to collective management and to submit demands as deemed appropriate, with no constitutional limits except for the armed forces.

Economic and Legal Sphere

• Right to Property and Inheritance (Art. 33): Property rights have limitations; assets may be expropriated in exchange for fair compensation.
• Freedom of Enterprise (Art. 38): Recognition of an economic model where the state, the market, and the third sector interact. Businesses are not solely for private benefit but must operate within a regulated market.

Labor and Professional Rights

• Right to

Questões de Direito Internacional

1. Nacionalidade de Filho de Brasileiros

João e Maria, casados, ambos de nacionalidade brasileira e domiciliados na Espanha, tiveram lá o seu primeiro filho, Gabriel. Ele possui condições para ser considerado brasileiro nato?

Sim, desde que venha a residir no Brasil e opte, a qualquer tempo, pela nacionalidade brasileira.

2. Homologação de Sentença Estrangeira

Pietro (italiano) e Madalena (brasileira) conheceram-se nos EUA e contraíram matrimônio. Da união nasceram dois filhos de nacionalidade norte-americana. Transcorridos alguns anos, o casal, que passou a residir na Itália, divorciou-se judicialmente. Determinou-se que a guarda dos filhos ficaria com o pai e que, uma vez por ano, eles deveriam viajar... Continue reading "Questões Resolvidas de Direito Internacional Privado" »

Galician Vocabulary: Legal and Linguistic Explanations

Legal Terms

• Arrendamento: To let something for nothing, to rent.
• Desafiuzamento: To oblige someone to act or to leave a property they have leased.
• Xurado: Jury formed by laypeople.
• Formación Xurado: Jury formed by people without necessary legal training.
• Concelleiro: Councillor (member of a concello/council).
• Conselleiro Rexional: Regional Minister (member of the Xunta de Galicia).
• Sentenza: Sentence or penalty that must be fulfilled by the defendant.
• Camiño pequeno: Decision on whether the accused is guilty or innocent.
• Referendum: A consultation on some law or popular decision.
• Eleccións: Voting to elect political office holders.
• Indulto: Pardon of a sentence.
• Recurso: To ask for a revision of

The Classical Era of Athens (5th Century BC)

The 5th century BC constituted the apex of the polis, highlighting the rivalry between Athens and Sparta.

The Polis of Athens

Athens was located in the region of Attica. The city stretched from the Acropolis, where the temples of the gods were situated, down to the base of the hill. The Agora (public square) was the center of urban life. The entire city was surrounded by a wall that connected it to the port of Piraeus.

Athenian Social Organization

Athenian society was based on slavery and was divided into distinct groups:

• Citizens: A very small group consisting of Athenian males over 20 years of age. Although economic differences existed among members, all citizens possessed the same political rights.
• Women:

Mastering the Past Continuous Tense

The Past Continuous tense (also known as the Past Progressive) is used to describe actions that were developing at a specific moment in the past. These actions started before that moment and continued afterward.

Usage Rules for the Past Continuous

1. Actions Ongoing at a Specific Time

Use the Past Continuous to pinpoint an action happening at a precise moment in the past.

2. Equivalence in Spanish

In Spanish, the Past Continuous is equivalent to the continuous form (e.... Continue reading "Mastering the English Past Continuous Tense" »

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