Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Teaching & Education for Baccalaureate

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End of Year Test 1 - Vocabulary

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End of Year Test 1

TEST A

Vocabulary

  1. Boring
  2. Under
  3. Preparing
  4. Confident
TEST B

Vocabulary

  1. Disrespectful
  2. Sensitive
  3. Stylish
  4. Modest

Verbs

  1. Looking
  2. Come
  3. Apologize
  4. Replaced

Expressions

  1. Made a fortune
  2. Out of the blue
  3. Take part
  4. Got good grades

Adjectives

  1. Optimistic
  2. Get
  3. Illegal
  4. Useful

Effective Formal Letter Writing Techniques

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General Formal Letter Template

Dear [Title + Surname] (e.g., Dear Sir/Madam or Dear Mr. Smith),

I am writing to you regarding/concerning [briefly state the topic or issue]. I would like to [express your purpose: suggest, complain, request, express concern, etc.].

Firstly, [present your first main point – describe the situation or give background information]. This is important because [give a reason or example].

Secondly, [give another reason, suggestion, or concern]. This could help [explain the benefit or consequence].

Furthermore/In addition/Moreover, I believe that [add a final thought or broader benefit].

I hope you will take my [suggestion/request/concern] into consideration. I would be grateful if you could let me know your thoughts on this... Continue reading "Effective Formal Letter Writing Techniques" »

Approaches to Language Teaching: Methods and Practices

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Unit 15: Approaches to Language Teaching

What Is an Approach to Language Teaching?

Our view of language and how language learning takes place influences our teaching approach. For example, one view might consider language as a set of grammar rules, learned through study and translation. Another approach might emphasize communication, focusing on fluency through interactive activities.

Comparing Approaches

Structural ApproachTask-Based Learning (TBL)
View of LanguageLanguage is a system of structures used to communicate meaning.Language is a tool for communicating meaning through functions, vocabulary, structures, and discourse.
View of Language LearningLanguage is learned through controlled practice, starting with simpler structures and progressing
... Continue reading "Approaches to Language Teaching: Methods and Practices" »

Perfect Yet/Already, Present Perfect Progressive, Used To, Indirect Question, Causative Have and Get

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Perfect Yet/Already

Already se refiere a algo que ha pasado antes o más pronto de lo que se esperaba y es traducido como “ya” en español.

Yet es usado para algo que esperábamos que sucediera, pero todavía no ha pasado. Tendemos a usarlo en frases negativas e interrogativas. En frases negativas puede ser traducido como "aún" o "todavía" y en preguntas como "ya". En contraste con los otros adverbios de esta lección, "yet" va al final de la frase.

- I've already drunk three coffees this morning. Don't write to John, I've already done it.

- I’m really hungry. I haven’t eaten yet. (Tengo mucha hambre. Todavía no he comido.)

Present Perfect Progressive

- The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still... Continue reading "Perfect Yet/Already, Present Perfect Progressive, Used To, Indirect Question, Causative Have and Get" »

Newspaper Terminology and Structure

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ARTICLE: artículo // A text or piece of writing

BROADSHEET: periódico serio// A large-format newspaper with usually serious content

CENSOR: censurar// official with the power to stop publication of certain articles

CHEQUEBOOK: talonario de cheques// the obtaining of exclusive rights to a story by payment of large sums of money

JOURNALIST: periodista // person who writes articles for a paper

CORRESPONDENT: corresponsal// 1 person who writes a letter to a paper 2 person who writes articles for a paper

CRITIC: crítico// a person who writes articles, especially stating opinion, about art, music…

CROPPED: recortado

CAPTION: subtítulo

DESK: sección// a department of a newspaper

EDIT: editar// to check, modify, and generally prepare written material... Continue reading "Newspaper Terminology and Structure" »

Key English Collocations, Idioms, and Phrasal Verbs

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Mastering English Vocabulary and Grammar

Common Verb Collocations

  • Make: progress, money, suggestions, sense, a reaction, a choice, competition, an appointment
  • Take: part, action, achievement, place, a rise, an effort, one’s time, responsibility, age
  • Raise: a solution, issues, money, one’s voice, a question, an award, children, awareness, a price, doubt

Essential Idiomatic Expressions

  • Move with the times: to adapt to current trends
  • Have you on the edge of your seat: something that is very exciting or suspenseful
  • His mind is made up: he has decided firmly
  • Dead-end job: a job with no prospects for advancement
  • Get your foot in the door: to get started in a new career or organization
  • Make a living: to earn enough money to live
  • Tricks of the trade: clever
... Continue reading "Key English Collocations, Idioms, and Phrasal Verbs" »

English Grammar and Vocabulary

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Unit 7: Simple Tenses

TenseActivePassive
Present SimpleJames designs the ads.The ads are designed by James.
Past SimpleJames designed the ads.The ads were designed by James.
Future Simple: WillJames will design the ads.The ads will be designed by James.
ConditionalJames would design the ads.The ads would be designed by James.

Topic Vocabulary

  • All-boys school: School for boys
  • All-girls school: School for girls
  • Cheat: To cheat on a test
  • Compulsory: Obligatory
  • Fail: To fail a test
  • Grade: Level
  • Mark: Score
  • Mixed school: Co-educational school

Perfect Tenses

TenseActivePassive
Present PerfectJames has designed the ads.The ads have been designed by James.
Past PerfectJames had designed the ads.The ads had been designed by James.
Future PerfectJames will have designed
... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary" »

Job Application Email Templates and Writing Tips

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Job Application Email Examples

Civil Engineer Application

Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to you to apply for the position of Civil Engineer advertised in November's issue of Concrete International. As you can see from my resume, I have been working for three different companies in the past, two of them were North American firms. I have known that your company is now offering entry-level positions in Europe, and I would have no problem relocating, since at the moment, no personal circumstances would prevent me from doing so.

I strongly believe that my experience, though not extensive, could prove beneficial, just as the know-how I could get from this cooperation. Please find enclosed my resume, and do not hesitate to contact me at the phone numbers... Continue reading "Job Application Email Templates and Writing Tips" »

Understanding Modal Verbs and English Grammar

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Modal Verbs in English

Obligation:

  • Must (deber, tener que)
  • Have to (tener que)

Must is used for orders and strong obligations, while have to is often used in a more general sense.

Prohibition:

  • Mustn't (no deber)
  • Can't (no poder)

Mustn't is more commonly used.

Necessity:

  • Need to (necesitar)

Permission:

  • Can (poder)
  • May (poder)
  • Could (podría)

Can and could are used more informally, while may is more formal.

No Necessity:

  • Needn't (no necesitar)
  • Don't have to (no es necesario que...)

Recommendations, Advice, Opinions:

  • Should (deberías)
  • Ought to (deberías)

Negative recommendations: Shouldn't and Oughtn't

Ability:

  • Can (present)
  • Be able to (future)
  • Could (past)

Understanding Advice, Nouns, and Suffixes

A piece of advice: un consejo
Advisable: aconsejable
Advise: aconsejar... Continue reading "Understanding Modal Verbs and English Grammar" »

Vocabulary and Grammar Practice for English Learners

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Passionate, ambitious, loyal, optimistic, loyal, ambitious, television, influential, pessimistic.

At risk, creature, endangered, extinct, hunt, protected, rare, species, environment, habitat natural survive, dangerous, attack, vulnerable, fight, scared, danger, provided, tiger, mattress, hut, forest, wounded, shot, killed, boots, endangered, extinct, protected, desert, mountain, harmless, pepper spray, punch, seal, vertical, panic, unless, provided, survive, careful, drag, impressive, work out, record, take revenge, killed, provided, wounded.

Vocab- Affect, as a result, cause, effect, influence, is caused by, lead, result.

Arduous, strict, demanding, rigorous, testing, tricky, punishing, tough, gruelling, straightforward, awkward, struggle, stretch,... Continue reading "Vocabulary and Grammar Practice for English Learners" »