Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Relative Clauses

Types of Relative Clauses

Specifying Relative Clauses

These clauses provide essential information and are not separated by commas. They identify the specific noun or pronoun being referred to. Without the relative clause, the sentence would be incomplete and lack clarity.

Example:

Incorrect: I don't like stories. They have unhappy endings.

Correct: I don't like stories which have unhappy endings.

Explanatory Relative Clauses

These clauses provide additional information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. They are set off by commas or a comma and a full stop. They never use the relative pronoun "that."

Example:

Incorrect: Mrs. Morgan is an English teacher. His son is in our class.

Correct: Mrs. Morgan, whose son is in

Present Simple Affirmative

I, you, we, you, they walk. He, she, it walks.

Present Simple Negative

I, you, we, you, they don't walk. He, she, it doesn't walk.

Present Simple Interrogative

Do I, you, we, you, they walk? Does he, she, it walk?

Present Simple Affirmative (Response)

Yes, I, you, we, you, they do. Yes, he, she, it does.

Present Simple Negative (Response)

No, I, you, we, you, they don't. No, he, she, it doesn't. (Add 'es' when the verb ends in 'ss', 'sh', 'ch', 'x', or when it ends in a consonant plus 'y', change 'y' to 'ies'. Used for daily routines.)

Present Continuous Affirmative

I, you, we, you, they are looking. He, she, it is looking.

Present Continuous Negative and Interrogative

Same as above, adding 'not' for negative and '?' for interrogative.... Continue reading "Present Simple and Present Continuous Tenses" »

E-commerce Gaining Traction

For a country such as Spain, where e-commerce is not as widespread as it is in the United Kingdom or France, it comes as proof that this alternative is beginning to take hold. In London or Paris, for example, an increase of 30% in online shopping is expected with respect to last year.

Online Toy Sales Surge

In the case of toys, the online channel is safe and curiosity-proof. Toy sales through this channel increased by 60% last year and it is expected that this year they will continue to rise. Deloitte's Christmas thermometer confirms this tendency: 25% of the sales budget during these dates will be spent through online channels, which is 10% more than last year.

Advantages of Online Shopping

There is a series of factors... Continue reading "The Rise of E-commerce in Spain" »

Essential English Vocabulary

Topic 1: Clothing & Accessories

Bracelet, cardigan, earrings, flip-flops, hair band, high heels, leggings, make-up, necklace, ring, sandals, sunglasses, tracksuit bottoms, tracksuit top, trainers, watch.

Topic 2: Places & Adjectives

Block of flats, bridge, building, car park, cottage, factory, farm, field, hill, housing estate, lake, motorway, pavement, river, village, wood.

Funny - hilarious / sad - miserable / hungry - starving / bad - awful / interesting - fascinating / frightening - terrifying / small - tiny / surprised - astonished / ugly - hideous.

Topic 3: Everyday Items

Bedroom, waiting room, credit card, Christmas card, desktop, laptop, headache, headphones, sun cream, sunglasses, wedding dress, wedding... Continue reading "Essential English Vocabulary: Expand Your Word Power" »

First of all. From my point of view. To begin with. That's why. Anyhow(de todas formas) Anyway (de cualquier manera) Meanwhile. Until then (hasta entonces) In short (en resumen) To sum up. After all (al fin y al cabo) All of sudden(de repente) As I pointed in (segun quedo indicado en) As far as i know (que yo sepa) It is strange that (es raro que) It just so happened that (da la casualidad que) it turns our that (resulta que) the way i see it( a mi modo de ver)

Environmental Vocabulary

• BAN: prohibir
• BRING BACK TO LIFE: devolver a la vida
• CAUSE: causar
• DESTRUCTION: destrucción
• DRILLING: extracción/explotación
• EXPOSE: exponer
• FOSSIL FUEL: combustible fósil
• GLOBAL WARMING: calentamiento global
• LANDSCAPE: paisaje
• OIL SPILL: fuga de petróleo
• RAISE MONEY: recaudar dinero
• RENEWABLE ENERGY: energía renovable
• RESTORE: restaurar
• SOURCE: origen/fuente
• TAKE ACTION: tomar medidas
• THREAT: amenaza
• WILDLIFE: flora/fauna

Grammar Vocabulary

• ACCOMPLISHMENT: logro
• DECLINE: disminución
• DEVELOPMENT: avance
• FREEDOM: libertad
• GOVERNMENT: gobernar
• KNOWLEDGE: conocimientos
• LAST: durar
• LEAD TO: llevar a
• LONG BEFORE: mucho antes de
• MAJOR: muy importante
• PLAY A ROLE: desempeñar un papel
• TAKE CONTROL: hacerse con el control
• TAKE PLACE: tener lugar
• TRADE:

English Vocabulary Builder

Addiction and Recovery

Addicted to, dependent on, fed up with: harto de, open to, sick of, hooked on, proud of, keen on: lamentar en, obsessed with, helpful to: útil para.

Dopamine, To quit a substance or a behavior: para dejar una sustancia o un comportamiento, withdrawal symptoms: síntomas de abstinencia, a life-threatening condition: una infección potencialmente mortal, nicotine patches, to have counseling: asesoramiento, to have a relapse: recaída.

Time

Arrived with, behind (junto a/ atrasado en), stay here for the time: quedarse aquí por el momento, by the time: por el momento, on time, at the time: en ese momento. It’s about time: ya es hora.

Travel

Beaten: alejado, we set at: partimos a: hit: ir: de tiendas,... Continue reading "English Vocabulary Builder: From Addiction to Travel" »

 2 ES la aaab RUTINAS; I get up at 6:50 am I make myself a cup of tea and I iron The rop I shower and dress. I usually wear pants, a t-shirt and sports shoes Then I enlist my tools to go to school in the afternoonRUTINA POR LA TARDE; Lunch at 11 a.M. I brush my teeth. Then I take the bus At 11:40. It takes about 50 minutes to arrive at my destination. I arrive at my School and immediately go to class.RUTINAS NOCHE at night I leave my school I go to the stop I have to wait for five To 10 minutes until the busy comes after I pick it up and I go home when I get Home first I eat I brush my teeth and at nine I start doing my homework QUIEN ES EL who is he cual ES EL:which is the QUE ES :what is it CUANDO FUE :when It was DONDE FUE :where wasCUANTO:

Irregular Verbs

Common Irregular Verbs

Conditionals

1) IF + Subject + Present Simple; Subject + Will + Verb (Infinitive). (If/Unless... Unless is never negative).

2) IF + Subject + Past Simple; Subject + Would + Verb (Infinitive). (Verbs must be in Present/Present).

3) IF + Subject + Past Perfect (Had + V.ed/3rd form); Subject + Would have + V.ed/3rd form. (Verbs must be in Past/Past).

SO: Starts with the first sentence.

BECAUSE: Starts with the second sentence.

I WISH/IF ONLY

I wish + Subject + (If the verb is in PRESENT/FUTURE, use PAST SIMPLE).

I wish + Subject + (If it's a behavior, use COULD/WOULD).

I wish + Subject + (If the verb is in PAST, it's a regret, use PAST PERFECT “HAD + V.ed/3rd form”).

Sentence Structures

1) Started + V.ing (ago) == Subject + have/has + been + V.ing +... Continue reading "English Grammar: Conditionals, Wishes, and Passive Voice" »