Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Crime and Justice

Vocabulary

• Arrest
• Break the law
• Commit a crime
• Do community service
• Get away with (escape with)
• Get carried away (become enthusiastic, let oneself go)
• Give a sentence
• Go to court
• Go to prison
• Pay a fine
• Punish (sanction/penalize)
• Spend time in prison
• Treat fairly

People

• Criminal
• Judge
• Offender
• Victim
• Witness

Idioms

• Be above board (be honest and legal)
• Catch someone red-handed (catch someone in the act)
• Face the music (accept the consequences)
• Get to the bottom of (discover the truth)
• Keep your nose clean (stay out of trouble)
• Step out of line (disobey or fail to follow rules)

Phrasal Verbs

• Bring in (introduce)
• Cover up (conceal)
• Found out (discover)
• Let on (reveal information)
• Own up to (confess, admit)
• Set up (trap)
• Stamp out (eliminate)
• Stand up to (confront)

Present Continuous

To talk about something that is happening at the moment we talk.

• I’m studying now (Yo estoy estudiando ahora)
• I’m it raining? (está lloviendo?)

Past Simple

To speak of a concrete action that began and ended in the past.

• Tom stayed at home last night. (Tom se quedó en casa anoche.)
• I didn’t go to the party yesterday. (No fui a la fiesta ayer.)

Future Tense

Going to

Expresses the duration of a past action and does not indicate if it is finished.

Will

Work to raise capital and start my own business

I will study some specialization or the French language.

According to projections, everything seems to indicate that in the coming years tourism will increase slowly.

Present Perfect

When do we use present perfect? ¿Cuándo usamos el presente... Continue reading "Spanish Grammar: Present Continuous, Past Simple, and Future Tense" »

Present Simple: Forms and Usage

Form

• Affirmative: Subject + Verb (add -s/-es for third person singular)
• Negative: Subject + do not/don't + base verb / He/She/It + does not/doesn't + base verb
• Interrogative: Do + Subject + base verb? / Does + He/She/It + base verb?

Uses

• Habitual actions (e.g., always, usually, often, hardly ever, seldom, never, twice a week, every month). Example: I have a shower every morning.
• Personal information, facts, and general truths.

Present Continuous: Forms and Usage

Form

• Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb + -ing
• Negative: Subject + am not/isn't/aren't + verb + -ing
• Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + Subject + verb + -ing?

Uses

• Actions happening now or around now.
• Future plans (e.g., now, tomorrow, tonight, this evening, this week,

Understanding Science: Branches, Methods, and Philosophy

Science is one of the most important products of human consciousness. With science, we have been able to understand many of the mysteries of the universe, the world, and human beings themselves. It is also the basis for the transformation and modification of the environment.

Branches of Science

The world of science is broadly categorized into different branches:

• Formal Sciences: These do not have an empirical basis and work with formal entities, such as mathematics or logic. They extract information from existing information.
• Empirical Sciences: In contrast, these sciences use experimentation.
  • Natural Sciences: Refer to phenomena, things, and events in nature, for example, physics, chemistry,

Useful English Phrases for Writing

On the one hand, On the other hand, Although, However, In addition, Also, As well as.

Example Phrases for Movie Reviews

• The movie shows...
• It seems to me a fascinating film.
• You will enjoy it. I recommend it to everyone.

About Me, My Hobbies, and Future Plans

My name is G. I'm 16 years old. I live in Soria. I don't have any brothers. I am an only child.

I'm a very friendly person, and people say I'm quite shy. I enjoy sports and often play badminton after school and at weekends. However, my greatest love is technology, especially computers. When I grow up, I want to be a programmer and invent fun games. Now, in my free time, I hang out with my friends, go to the cinema, or watch TV.

My plans for the future are to study... Continue reading "Useful English Phrases, Personal Introduction, Memorable Event, and Thoughts on TV" »

Vocabulary of Minerals and Metals

Precious metals: silver, gold

Handmade jewelry: Pearl necklace, expensive watch; luxury clothing: fur coat, silk shirt; precious stone: diamonds, emeralds

Body Organs

Large intestine (intestino largo), small intestine (intestino corto), liver (hígado), pancreas (páncreas), lungs (pulmones), kidneys (riñones), bladder (vejiga), heart (corazón), brain (cerebro)

Vocabulary of Animals

A kind of animal or plant species (especies)

The place where an animal usually lives: habitat (hábitat)

Animals that kill other animals: predators (depredador)

An animal that other animals kill to eat: prey (presa)

To look for animals and kill them: hunt (cazar)

In nature, not controlled by people: wild (salvaje)

To keep safe from danger:... Continue reading "Vocabulary of Minerals, Animals, and Verbs" »

1. Verb Conjugation

• take
• will know
• pay
• will do
• doesn't attempt
• won't introduce

2. Regret and Wishes

• I wish I had not cheated on my exam
• I wish my parents would give me money to spend
• I wish I had not deleted an email
• I wish I had not told them I was too tired to go out

3. Conditional Sentences

• had been/would have told
• would not have been/had called
• went/would be
• would have been/had continued
• had known/wouldn't have had
• hadn't cheated/would have had

4. Spanish Examples

• Si tú no le hubieras dicho eso a David, todo estaría bien
• Sería más fácil si tú solo dijeras la verdad

5. Positive Character Traits

• bravery
• compassion
• generosity
• self-reliance
• fairness
• honesty
• loyalty

6. Examples of Incorrect Usage

• Two teenagers broke into the school and stole some laptops
• If you come

Common English Idioms and Expressions

Work and Pressure

• Employees/Staff: (empleados,staff)
• To be very busy/Under pressure: to be rushed off their feet, to be up to their ears, to be breaking their backs

Opinions and Descriptions

• Food critic: (critica de comida,food critic)
• Write up/Describe: (describir,write up)

Time and Sequence

• Beforehand: (antes de algo,beforehand)
• Afterwards: (despues de algo,afterwards)

Emotions and Feelings

• Relaxed/Thanked God: relieved
• Being nervous/Concerned: have butterflies in your tummy

Livelihood and Relationships

• Make a living/Earn a living: so means of support (ganarse la vida-make a living,earn a living,so means of support)
• Be dating/Going out: (be dating-going out)
• Homosexual/Gay: (homosexual-gay)
• Heterosexual/Straight: (heterosexual-