Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Essential Technical Vocabulary (English-Spanish)

Tools Vocabulary

Cutting Tools

• File - lima
• Saw - sierra
• Scissors - tijeras
• Cutter - cúter
• Chisels - cincel

Gripping Tools

• Vice - tornillo de banco
• Pliers - alicates
• Spanner - llave inglesa
• Box Wrench - llave de tubo
• Allen Keys - llave de Allen
• Socket Wrench - llave de vaso
• Nippers - tenazas
• Screwdrivers - destornilladores

Measuring Tools

• Calliper - calibre
• Measuring Tape - metro
• Torque Wrench - dinamométrica
• Spirit Level - nivel
• Micrometer - micrómetro
• Multimeter - polímetro

Other Tools and Fasteners

• Hammer - martillo
• Hydraulic Jack - gato hidráulico
• Torch - linterna
• Grinder - esmeril
• Welding Torch - soplete
• Screws - tornillo roscachapa
• Washers - arandela
• Bolts - tornillo
• Nuts - tuerca
• Nails - clavos

Prepositions for Location

• In

TEMA 6: HOW MUCH?

CONSUMERISM

• Borrow: To take money or goods with the promise of returning them later.
• Coin: A small, flat piece of metal used as money.
• Earn: To receive money for work done.
• Exchange (n): The act of giving or receiving one thing in return for another.
• Exchange (v): To give or receive one thing in return for another.
• Lend: To give money or goods to someone with the expectation of being repaid.
• Make money: To earn money.
• Manage money: To control and plan how money is spent and saved.
• Note: A piece of paper money.
• Owe: To be obligated to pay back money or goods.
• Pocket money: Money given to a child for personal expenses.
• Rent: To pay for the use of something, such as a house or car.
• Save: To put money aside for future use.
• Spend: To use money

English Grammar Cheat Sheet

Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

Past Simple

Use for completed actions in the past.

Time markers: yesterday, last week, two days ago, when

Present Perfect

Use for actions that started in the past and continue to the present.

Time markers: never, ever, already, just, yet, lately, for, since

For negative sentences, use the corresponding positive tense.

Questions

Use the same tense as the original statement.

Structure: (wh + verb + subject + verb + rest of the sentence)

If there's only one verb, conjugate the verb 'to be' in the corresponding tense.

Question words:

• What - qué
• When - cuándo
• Where - dónde
• How many - cuánto
• Who - quién
• Why - por qué
• Which - cuál

Relative Clauses

Defining

No commas needed. If the relative pronoun is the... Continue reading "English Grammar Cheat Sheet: Mastering Key Concepts" »

Part One: Radio Silent Morning Schedule

You are going to hear a radio announcer giving information about the morning's programmes on a local radio station, Radio Silent. As you listen, choose the best way to fill in the missing information in the following summary. Mark A, B, or C on your answer sheet.

The Morning's Radio Programmes

• 8:00 (1) __________

  1. National news
  2. Local news
  3. Financial news

• 8:10 Weather Forecast

• 8:15 Start the Day – with David Humphrey talking about (2) __________

  1. His book on the Queen
  2. A musician
  3. The environmental conference in Japan

• (3) __________ Round the Centre – A look at Bournemouth’s new Convention Centre

  1. 9:10
  2. 9:20
  3. 9:30

• 10:00 Your Choice – with (4) __________, local news, and comments

  1. Travel information
  2. Interviews
  3. Music

• 10:45 The

According to economic theory, under what assumption is the existence of a natural monopoly efficient?

R. It exists when a market is provided in the cheapest and most efficient way by a single company with decreasing costs.

In this market structure there is only one buyer and one or more suppliers.

R. Monopsony

PART III

El concepto de Agente Económico ha sido debatido constantemente en el campo de competencia económica, si bien la definición de la Ley busca comprender a la totalidad del concepto para facultar a la autoridad en su uso, este término no ha sido ajeno a interpretaciones judiciales que han limitado su aplicación en la práctica.

The term economic agent has also been subject to judicial review and interpretation. In some cases, the

Data Source and Currency

This comprehensive table presents detailed information on the minimum wage in various countries. The data is sourced from Eurostat, and the currency used is the euro.

Notable Changes

It is noteworthy that some countries have experienced minor adjustments to their minimum wage, such as Montenegro, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.

Highest and Second-Highest Minimum Wages

Luxembourg boasts the highest minimum wage globally, at one thousand four hundred and ninety-eight point forty-seven euros. Ireland follows closely with a minimum wage of one thousand six hundred and thirteen point ninety-five euros.

Ireland's Minimum Wage Trend

Ireland has witnessed a significant increase in its minimum wage over the years. Just four years... Continue reading "Minimum Wage Comparison Across Countries" »

The 1980s: Culture, Trends, and Historical Context

The 1980s were a vibrant era, often remembered for its distinctive culture and significant global events. It was a time of unique fashion, groundbreaking music, and notable historical shifts.

Fashion and Lifestyle in the Eighties

People embraced a bold and colorful aesthetic. Fashion often featured very wide t-shirts, trousers, and skirts, alongside clothing in bright hues like red, blue, and pink. This period was characterized by a sense of fun and experimentation in personal style.

Music Icons and Genres

In the world of music, Hip Hop, Rap, and especially Rock were immensely popular. Michael Jackson stood out as the most popular singer of the decade, leaving an indelible mark on music history... Continue reading "1980s Culture & Essential English Grammar Review" »

Essential Vocabulary: Relationships & Emotions

• ask out: Invitar a salir
• over the hill: Ir cuesta abajo
• attach: Poner, colocar
• bend over backwards: Hacer lo imposible
• breath: Aliento
• breathe: Respirar
• breathless: Sin aliento
• forgive: Perdonar
• cheer up: Levantar el ánimo a
• come between: Interponerse entre
• commit: Comprometerse
• couple: Pareja
• deserve: Merecer
• drift apart: Distanciarse
• drive away: Asustar
• envious: Envidioso
• drop by: Pasar por
• fall out: Enfadarse
• fate: Destino
• go mad over: Perder la cabeza por
• get it over with: Quitarse algo de encima
• gossip: Chismorreo
• hang out: Pasar el rato (Nota: 'Colgar el teléfono' es 'hang up')
• head over heels: Locamente enamorado
• hear from: Tener noticias de
• hear out: Escuchar (hasta el final)
• help out: Ayudar
• hold a grudge:

Reported Speech: Tense Transformations

Understanding how tenses change when converting direct speech to reported speech is crucial for accurate and effective communication. This document provides a clear breakdown of these transformations.

Essential English Irregular Verbs Reference

This comprehensive table provides the infinitive, past simple, and past participle forms for 60+ common irregular English verbs, along with their corresponding Spanish translations. Use this resource to improve your conjugation accuracy and vocabulary.

Irregular Verbs List (A-Z)