Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

English Grammar Essentials

Modal Verbs and Semi-Modals

• Semi-Modals:
  • Have to (tener que): Expresses obligation.
  • Be able to (ser capaz de): Expresses ability.
• Modal Verbs:
  • Ability: Can / Could (podría, pude) / Will be able to (será capaz de).
  • Advice: Should (debería), Ought to (debería).
    • Present and Future: Should / Ought to.
    • Past (3rd form): Should have + past participle (deberías haber...).
  • Possibility:
    • Present: May (puede que...).
    • Future: Might (podría).
    • Past (3rd form): Might have + past participle (podría haber...).
  • Obligation:
    • Present and Future: Must (debes).
    • Present and Future: Have to (tienes que).

Verbs Followed by TO + Infinitive

Used after verbs expressing:

• Mental Actions: plan, forget, manage, agree, learn, promise, prepare, need, hope, decide,

Reported Speech

Conditionals

Passive Voice

English Verb Tenses: Structure & Usage

Present Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + main verb (base form).
• Negative: Subject + auxiliary verb "to do" + not + main verb (base form).
• Interrogative: Auxiliary verb "To do" + subject + main verb (base form)?

Present Continuous

• Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary verb "to be" + main verb (-ing form).
• Negative: Subject + auxiliary verb "to be" + not + main verb (-ing form).
• Interrogative: Auxiliary verb "To be" + subject + main verb (-ing form)?

Past Simple

• Affirmative: Subject + main verb (-ed or irregular past form).
• Negative: Subject + wasn't/weren't (for verb "to be") OR Subject + auxiliary verb "did" + not + main verb (base form).
• Interrogative: Auxiliary verb "Was" / "Were" + subject? (for verb "to be") OR Auxiliary

Java LinkedQueue Implementation (Generic)

This document presents the source code for a generic LinkedQueue class in Java. This implementation uses a singly linked list structure, adheres to the FIFO (First-In, First-Out) principle, and implements the Iterable interface.

package org.mp.repaso;

import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.NoSuchElementException;

public class LinkedQueue<T> implements Iterable<T> {

<span style="color:#ba2da2">private int</span> N; <span style="color:rgb(0,132,0)">// Tamaño de la cola</span>
<span style="color:rgb(186,45,162)">private</span> Node&lt;T&gt; primero; <span style="color:rgb(0,132,0)">// Primer elemento de la cola (Head)</span>
<span

Parson's Pleasure

The story that I enjoyed most was 'Parson's Pleasure' because the story is about an antique dealer. I like the world of antiques, old cars and houses, and old things. It is also funny because the man, to avoid suspicion, parks his car out of sight and dresses as a parson. I also like the method that the man uses to persuade the owners. On one occasion, Boggis finds a particularly valuable commode at a farm. The farmer, Rummins, although initially suspicious, thinks that it is a good price for a worthless piece of furniture. Finally, the farmer is persuaded by Boggis, thinking that Boggis will only use it as firewood.

The Open Window

Framton Nuttel, a young man greatly concerned with his health, reluctantly accepts his doctor'... Continue reading "Roald Dahl's Parson's Pleasure: Summary & Analysis" »

English Verb Tenses: Forms and Usage

This section provides a concise reference for forming common English verb tenses, including positive, negative, and interrogative structures.

Present Simple

• Positive: Base verb (add -s for third person singular)
• Negative: don't / doesn't + base verb
• Interrogative: Do / Does + subject + base verb?

Present Continuous

• Positive: am / is / are + verb-ing
• Negative: am not / isn't / aren't + verb-ing
• Interrogative: Am / Is / Are + subject + verb-ing?

Past Simple

• Positive: Verb-ed (regular verbs) / 2nd column (irregular verbs)
• Negative: didn't + base verb
• Interrogative: Did + subject + base verb?

Past Continuous

• Positive: was / were + verb-ing
• Negative: wasn't / weren't + verb-ing
• Interrogative: Was / Were + subject + verb-ing?

Present

Common English Irregular Verbs

Unit 3: Relative pronoms: who/that (quien- personas), which/that (cual-objetos o cosas), whose (cuyo, posesivo), when/that (cuando, tiempo), where (donde, lugar). Unit 4: 1. REPORTED SPEACH: presente simple-- past simple, past simple-- past perfect simple, present continuos-- past continuos, present perfect simple-- past perfect simple, past perfect simple-- past perfect simple, am,is,are going to-- was,were going to, will-- would, past continuos-- past perfect continuos . Say--- said to, quito to, detras that. Tell you, me-- told me, her. 2 Modal verbs: will-- would, can-- could, must-- had to. 3 Time and place expressions: now-- then, today-- that day yesterday-- the day before, last week-- the week earlier, tomorrow-- the next day, next... Continue reading "La vida de inma" »

Indirect Questions (IF without Interrogation)

Direct: How many offices does your company have?

Indirect: Can you tell me how many offices your company has?

Direct: Who is the marketing manager?

Indirect: I'd like to know who the marketing manager is.

Direct: Where did you buy your laptop?

Indirect: Can you tell me where you bought your laptop?

Direct: Is there a conference room in the building?

Indirect: Can you tell me if there is a conference room in the building?

Direct: Does Peter come to his office in the afternoons?

Indirect: I'd like to know if Peter comes to his office in the afternoons.

Direct: Have you studied English before?

Indirect: Can you tell me if you have studied English before?

Direct: Why didn't John call me last night?

Indirect: Can... Continue reading "Mastering Indirect Questions, Time Expressions, and Passive Voice" »

• #5 ¿Cómo estás? – How are you?

  • (KOH-moh eh-STAHS)

• #6 ¿Cómo te va? – How’s it going?

  • (KOH-moh te vah)

• #7 ¿Cómo te ha ido? – How’ve you been?

  • (KOH-moh te ah EE-doh)

• #8 ¡Estoy bien ¡Gracias! – I’m fine, thanks

  • (eh-STOY bee-en GRA-thee-as/GRA-see-as)

• #9 ¿Y tú? – And you?

  • (ee too)

• #10 Bien/ Así así. – Good/ So-so

  • (bee-en / a-SEE a-SEE)

• #11 ¿Qué tal? – How are you?

  • (kay tal)

• #12 ¿Qué pasa? – What’s happening?

  • (kay PA-sa)

• #13 ¿Qué haces? – What are you doing?

  • (kay AH-says)

• #22 ¿Podría ayudarle? – Can I help you?

  • (poh-DREE-a ay-oo-DAR-le)

• #22 ¿Puede ayudarme? – Can you help me?

  • (PWE-day ay-oo-DAR-may)

• #23 ¡Sin problema! – No problem!

  • (sin prob-LAME-ah)

• #24 ¿Puede repetirlo? – Can you say that again?

  • (PWE-day re-pet-