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English Grammar and Vocabulary Essentials

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Passive Voice

Passive Voice: directs – is directed / is directing – is being directed / directed – was directed / was directing – was being directed / has directed – has been directed / had directed- had been directed / will direct – will be directed / should direct-should be directed / must have directed-must have been directed / is going to direct – is going to be directed

Causative Have

Have causative: have/get + object + past participle (has .. – have had) can:could. May:might. Must/have to: must/had to. Will :would.

Connectors

Connectors: For, to, so that: for: noun, in order to, to: verb in infinitive and so that (will/would) phrase. // Moreover, and in addition (furthermore) at the beginning of the phrase and followed by a

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Simple past of verb:finish

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pastsimple(lo q hice ayer):+i studied english three years ago; - I didn´t (verb en present); ? Did you speak..?Past conti:+(I,he,she,it)was/(we, are, they)were : She was carrying..- wasn´t ; weren´t; ? was she writing...?/ were the students taking..?PresentPerfec:+(I,we,are,they) have studied../(he,she,it) has studied; - hasn´t/haven´t; ? has she studied..?; PresentConti: +I am/ (he,she,it) is/ (you,we,they) are...Reading*; - am not; isn´t; aren´t; ? Are you reading ?; used to(Solía): + he used to; - he didn´t use to; Did he use to?; Will(predicciones o decisiones en momento); Be going to(evidencia de que algo va a ocurrir, o cuando hay planes)
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A Guide to Business English: Emails, Grammar, and Vocabulary

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Business English Essentials

Vocabulary Building

Acquire / Reject / Grow / Succeed / Benefit / Innovate / Flex / Operate / Profit / Increase / Fall / Install / Stress / Motivate / Create / Excite

Stressful / Lawyer / Responsibilities / Motivating / Employees / Illness / Communication / Training / Unnecessary / Recognize / Relationship (Relate) / Management / Performance

Grammar Practice

Modal Verbs and Expressions of Obligation

  1. It’s not obligatory to wear a tie. You don't have to / needn't wear a tie. (Although, we could use "should").
  2. This road is too bumpy. You shouldn't / mustn't drive so quickly.
  3. Tomorrow is a holiday. We don't have to get up early in the morning.
  4. You must drive on the right side of the road in England.
  5. If you go sailing, you must
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Marie Curie's Life, Legacy, and the Meaning of Friendship

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Marie Curie: A Pioneer of Radioactivity

Early Life and Education

Marie Curie was born in Poland in 1867. She pursued her passion for physics at the Sorbonne in Paris.

Marriage and Scientific Discoveries

There, she met Pierre Curie, a physics professor, whom she married a year later. Together, the Curies made groundbreaking discoveries, isolating the radioactive elements radium and polonium. Their experiments revolutionized scientific understanding of radioactivity.

Legacy and Impact

Marie Curie's research on radium and polonium revealed their potential to treat tumors, a discovery that has profoundly impacted cancer treatment. Her remarkable contributions to science earned her two Nobel Prizes. While her work with radioactivity benefited millions,... Continue reading "Marie Curie's Life, Legacy, and the Meaning of Friendship" »

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Understanding Spain's Political System: From the Canovas System to Opposition Movements

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1. The Canovas System and Its Foundations

1.1. Bases of the Canovas System

Cánovas' ideology drew inspiration from French doctrinal liberalism and Spanish moderatism. He advocated for a British-style system based on bipartisanship, where the Conservative Party and the Liberal Party would alternate in power and opposition.

This bipartisanship excluded Carlists and Republicans from the political system.

The intended peaceful alternation of power under Cánovas' system did not work as expected and became a facade. Both parties used pacts and a tacit agreement based on:

  • Peaceful transfer of power
  • Calling elections
  • Electoral fraud

Electoral fraud involved caciquismo, encasillado, and pucherazo. Caciquismo refers to a pyramidal patronage network where high-... Continue reading "Understanding Spain's Political System: From the Canovas System to Opposition Movements" »

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Essential English Phrases for Professional Communication

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Study online at quizlet.com/_4cu5bq

1.Best regardsMejores recuerdos (en lenguaje semi-formal)
2.Could you call me as soon as possible?¿Podría llamarme lo antes posible?
3.Could you please inform us about...Nos podría, por favor, informar sobre...
4.Dear Mr./Ms. Jones,Apreciado señor/a Jones,
5.Dear Sir/MadamApreciado señor/a
6.I am afraid I cannot open the file you sent me yesterday.Debo informarle que no puedo abrir el archivo que nos mandó ayer.
7.I am writing to complain about...Le escribo para quejarme sobre...
8.If you have any query, please, do not hesitate to contact us.Si tienen alguna pregunta, por favor, no duden en contactarnos.
9.Please, accept our apologies for the delay.Por favor acepte nuestras disculpas por el retraso.
10.Please,
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New Year's Resolutions and Winter Weather Preparations

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New Year's Resolutions

Posted by Peter, January 1st at 08:04 AM

I really want to go to college to study law. I'm going to study hard and try my best to do well in school. I'm going to show my parents I can be responsible.

Posted by Susan, January 1st at 10:08 AM

I'm going to volunteer my time to help others. I really believe that it's very important to help those who need our help. I also think that the more you do for others, the better you feel about yourself.

Posted by Antony, January 1st at 11:04 AM

I'm going to start recycling all the paper, plastic, and glass I use instead of just throwing it away. We all need to start thinking about the environment before it's too late.

Getting Ready for the Cold

Come rain or shine!

Brian: They say it's going

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Spanish Phrases for Travel and Business

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Spanish for Travel and Business

Common Travel Phrases

Me voy a Los Ángeles el lunes = I'm going to Los Angeles on Monday.

¿Vas a París por negocios? = Are you going to Paris on business?

Vuelvo a Londres en tren = I'm coming back to London by train.

Llego a Madrid justo después de medianoche = I'm arriving in Madrid just after midnight.

Business Interactions

¿Cuándo te reúnes con los trabajadores? = When are you meeting with the workers?

El nuevo ayudante llega a la oficina el martes y se queda dos semanas = The new assistant is arriving at the office on Tuesday and is staying for two weeks.

Llegaremos a Londres a mediados de mes = We are arriving in London in the middle of the month.

Él viajó a Londres el 22 de marzo = He traveled to London... Continue reading "Spanish Phrases for Travel and Business" »

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Essential English Grammar & Vocabulary for Learners

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English Simple Present Tense Conjugation

Learn how to form positive, negative, and interrogative sentences in the simple present tense.

PositiveNegativeInterrogativeSpanish Pronoun
I playI don't playDo I play?Yo
You playYou don't playDo you play?Tú / Usted
He playsHe doesn't playDoes he play?Él
She playsShe doesn't playDoes she play?Ella
It playsIt doesn't playDoes it play?El / Ello / Ella
We playWe don't playDo we play?Nosotros / Nosotras
You playYou don't playDo you play?Ustedes / Vosotros/as
They playThey don't playDo they play?Ellos / Ellas

Technical English: Water & Electronics Terminology

Understand common verbs and prepositions used in technical contexts, especially for water and electrical systems.

SubjectVerbsPrepositional Phrases
  • Flows
  • Moves
  • Into
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Paris: A Traveler's Must-See Destination

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First Point: Paris is renowned for its unique charm and historical significance. It is well known because...

Second Point: The city offers a wealth of attractions. Among its great number of monuments, we can highlight the...

Third Point: In conclusion, Paris is a truly unique destination, making it a popular choice for tourists. As a personal recommendation, I would try to visit... It would be the best souvenir from your trip!

Travel Vocabulary

Nouns:

  • Aim: Objetivo
  • Backpacker: Mochilero
  • Budget airline: Compañía aérea
  • Deal: Oferta
  • Freedom: Libertad
  • High season: Temporada alta
  • Lifestyle: Estilo de vida
  • Rate: Tarifa
  • Spot: Lugar
  • Stall: Kiosco
  • Tourist trap: Trampa Turística
  • Youth hostel: Albergue juvenil

Verbs:

  • Approach: Acercarse a
  • Bargain about: Regatear
  • Bring
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