Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Essential English Basics

Common Questions with 'To Be'

Am Questions

• Where am I?
  ¿Dónde estoy?

• Am I not fired?
  ¿No estoy despedido?

• Am I dancing wrong?
  ¿Estoy bailando mal?

• Am I not going the right way?
  ¿No estoy yendo por el camino correcto?

• What am I doing?
  ¿Qué estoy haciendo?

• What am I going to do?
  ¿Qué voy a hacer?

Are Questions

• Are you a doctor?
  ¿Eres un médico?

• Are you practicing a lot?
  ¿Estás practicando mucho?

• Aren’t we going to the university now?
  ¿No estamos yendo a la universidad ahora?

• Are John and Paul the famous rock singers?
  ¿John y Paul son los famosos cantantes de rock?

• When are you leaving New York?
  ¿Cuándo te vas de Nueva York?

• How are they going to buy that expensive car?
  ¿Cómo van a hacer para comprar ese auto costoso?

Is Questions

• Is

Enhance Your English Writing

PARA REDACCIÓN: To begin with, I would like to say that this is a controversial matter, and it is very difficult to give just one point of view. In fact, if we asked people what they thought about it, we would find a lot of different ideas. On the one hand, we can say that ____ has many advantages, for example: ___. However, on the other hand, we can also find some disadvantages, such as: ___. From my point of view:

IMPORTANTE:

• According to
• Instead (use this in its place)
• However (sin embargo)
• Whereas (mientras que)
• Since/For
• Although (aunque)
• In spite of (a pesar de)
• In fact (de hecho)
• Furthermore (además)

Verbs That Confuse

• Realized: to become aware of something; Noticed: something you see or hear.
• Raise: to lift an object;

Early Stages (19th Century - 1930)

Initially, quality was intrinsically linked to the craftsman. During the Industrial Revolution, artisans evaluated their own work. This era marked a shift from manual to mechanized production.

1912: Taylorism

Frederick Wilson Taylor introduced his system of scientific management, aiming for maximum efficiency in machines, tools, and labor. This involved task planning, division, and incentive-based compensation to boost worker engagement. Taylor's system separated planning and execution: workers executed, while management planned, directed, and organized. This optimization of resources reduced costs.

Fordism

Henry Ford's assembly line production system further divided labor, leading to increased specialization and... Continue reading "Evolution of Quality Systems" »

French Revolution and its Impact (1784-1792)

1789. French Revolution

1784-1792. Prevention and neutrality

1793-1795. Basel Peace Treaty

1796-1808. Alliance with France

1796. Treaty of San Ildefonso

1805. Battle of Trafalgar

1807. Treaty of Fontainebleau

War of Independence and Restoration (1808-1820)

1808-1814. War of Independence

1812. Constitution of Cádiz

1813. Treaty of Valençay

1814-1820. Restoration of Absolutism

1815. Porlier and Díaz Pronunciamiento (La Coruña)

1817. General Lacy Pronunciamiento (Catalonia)

1820. Commander Riego Pronunciamiento (Seville)

Liberal Triennium and Absolutist Decade (1820-1833)

1820-1823. Liberal Triennium

1823-1833. Absolutist Decade

Reign of Elizabeth II and Carlist Wars (1833-1868)

1810-1824. Spanish American Independence... Continue reading "Spain 1784-1931: Revolution, Monarchy, and Republic" »

English Phonetics

Consonants

[t∫] = Change.
| [θ] = Thanks. | [ð] = Mother, Then.
| [∫] = She, Shine. | [dʒ] = George, gym, John. | [ʒ] = Television, pleasure. | [j] = Yes, York, Unit, University.

Past Tense Endings

/id/ if the verb ends in the sound /t/ or /d/: painted, contributed, depended, admitted.

/t/: stopped, crashed, stuffed, looked

/d/: if the verb ends in a vowel: called, bored, begged, alarmed, played, stunned, arrived.

Plural Endings

/iz/ (represented by “-es” in writing): buses /’bʌsiz/, buzzes /bʌziz/, crashes /’kræ∫iz/, languages /’læηgwidʒiz/, catches /’kæt∫iz/.

/s/: stops, books, pits.

/z/: cabs, cards, gags, knives /naivz/, jams, things, plays, ladies /leidiz/.

Other Sounds

/n/ = not, nephew, nun. /ŋ/... Continue reading "English Phonetics and Language Tips" »

Sperm

• Midpiece: This is located between the head and the tail. It contains mitochondria at the base of the flagellum, which provide energy for movement. It also contains centrioles that control the sperm's movement.
• Tail: The flagellum is made of proteins and is the part that moves.

Egg

The egg contains the zona pellucida, vitelline membrane, deutoplasm, nucleus, and corona radiata. It carries 23 chromosomes. It is elongated, visible to the human eye, immobile, and has a reserve of nutrients.

Ovarian Cycle

After puberty, oogenesis takes place in women approximately every 28 days. One egg matures and is released. The ovarian cycle has three phases:

• Follicular Phase

  This phase lasts about 14 days and is caused by the follicle-stimulating hormone produced

Brand Strategies

If a single product is damaged, the entire brand image can be affected. Brand strategy is usually used for similar products.

Multiple Brands

• Individual brand strategy: Using a different name for each product.
• Product line brand strategy: Using the same name for products that have a relationship with each other.
• Second brand strategy: Used by companies that have other, more prestigious brands in the market. Objective: To cover a larger market segment.

Distributor Brands

These are brands manufactured by a specific industry and offered to the consumer under the name or brand of the distributor or retailer, who will be the one to carry out all promotional and communication activities regarding them.

Product Life Cycle

Products have a life... Continue reading "Brand Strategies and Product Life Cycle: Pricing Techniques" »