Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

English Verb Tenses

Past Simple

Form:

• Regular verbs: Base form + -ed (e.g., wanted)
• Irregular verbs: Consult an irregular verb list (e.g., went)
• Negative: Did not + base form (e.g., didn't want)

Uses:

• Completed actions in the past (e.g., last year, yesterday, in 1937)

Past Continuous

Form:

• Was/Were + present participle (-ing form) (e.g., was walking, were talking)

Uses:

• Actions in progress at a specific time in the past
• Often used with "when" (past simple for the interrupting action) and "while" (past continuous for the longer action)

Present Perfect

Form:

• Have/Has + past participle (e.g., have talked, has eaten)

Uses:

• Actions completed at an unspecified time in the past
• Actions that started in the past and continue to the present
• Often used with "never," "ever,

English Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: I take
• Past Simple: I took
• Present Continuous: I am taking
• Past Continuous: I was taking
• Past Perfect Simple: I had taken
• Present Perfect Simple: I have taken
• Future Simple: I will take
• Conditional: I would take
• Modal Verbs: I must take / I had to take
• Past Perfect Continuous: I had been taking

Reported Speech Transformations

• Time/Place: Here to there, this to that, these to those, now to then, next week to the following week, today to that day, tonight to that night, tomorrow to the following day, yesterday to the day before, last week to the week before.

Usage of Say, Speak, and Tell

• Say: Used for sorry, thank you, hello, goodbye, nothing.
• Speak: Used for languages (e.g., speak English).
• Tell: Used for a joke, a story,

English Grammar Essentials

Verb Tenses

Present and Past Tenses

• Present Simple (Past Simple)
• Present Continuous (Past Continuous)
• Present Perfect (Past Perfect)
• Past Simple (Past Perfect)
• Past Continuous (Past Perfect Continuous)

Future Tenses and Modals

• Be Going To (Was/Were Going To)
• Will (Would)
• Would (Would)
• Can (Could)
• Could (Could)
• May (Might)
• Might (Might)
• Must (Had To)
• Mustn't (Mustn't)
• Should/Ought to (Should/Ought to)

Adverbs of Time

• Now (Then)
• Today (That Day)
• Tonight (That Night)
• Yesterday (The Previous Day)
• Tomorrow (The Next Day)
• Next Week (The Following Week)
• Last Week (The Previous Week)
• A Week Ago (The Week Before)
• This (That)
• These (Those)
• Here (There)

Reported Speech

Statements

Use verbs like "say" or "tell." Look for time shifts. Example: Simon said, "David... Continue reading "English Grammar: Tenses, Conditionals, and Passive Voice" »

English Vocabulary and Grammar Essentials

Core Vocabulary and Relationships

• Relationships: relationship (relación), get to know (llegar a conocer), make friends with, confidence (seguro), romantic, match (encajar), appearance, dressed, annoy (molestar), active, negative, unfriendly (desagradable), character (personalidad), attitude, curiously, reliable (fiable), similar (parecido).
• Descriptive Terms: most of (mayoría), seems (parece), caring guy (cariñoso), joking (bromear), please (agradar), fault (culpa), tongue twisters (trabalenguas), oyster (ostra), fellow (compañero), fee (tarifa), cheerful (alegre), concerns (preocupaciones), sparkling (brillante), fireplace (chimenea), mischief (travesuras), lifeless (sin vida), aware (consciente),

Competition Policy in Mexico vs. the European Union

Statement: There is a popular belief that competition policy in Mexico is oriented towards consumer protection. However, this is not the case. This criterion differs from that proposed by the European Union, which does consider consumer protection among the pillars of its competition policy.

Question: What is the main orientation of competition policy in Mexico, and how is it different from other jurisdictions? Consider at least one jurisdiction other than Mexico in your interpretation.

Answer: Consumers are the ultimate beneficiaries of competition policy. In an environment of effective competition, companies strive to be better than their competitors and, therefore, win customers, reduce their... Continue reading "Competition Law and Policy in Mexico: A Comparative Analysis" »

A fireworks display: fuegos artificiales / su artifizialak  All day long: todo el día / egun oso  Appropriate: apropiado / egoki At least: por lo menos / gutxienez Aware of: consciente de / (-en) jakitun Background: entorno, origen / ingurune, jatorri, ezagutza  Belief: creencia / sinesmen  Border: frontera / muga Expat: expatriado / erbesteratu Fraternal twin: mellizo / bikotx Issue: asunto, cuestión / gai, kontu Jealous: celoso / jeloskor Meaningful: valioso / baliotsu Only child: hijo/a único/a / ume bakar Parade: desfile Plenty of: muchos / ugari Prayer: oración / otoitz Roots: raíces / sustraiak Row: discusión / eztabaida Sibling: hermano/a / haurride Spoiled (also UK English: spoilt): mimado/a / mizke hazitako Stressful: estresante... Continue reading "csdfvw" »

Introduction to Geography

• Bridge: Puente
• Cliff: Acantilado
• Field: Campo
• Landmark: Hito

Clothes and Accessories

• Boots: Botas
• Hood: Capó
• Make-up: Maquillaje
• Sleeves: Mangas
• Trousers: Pantalones

Adjectives

• Fried: Frito
• Frozen: Congelados
• Raw: Prima
• Salty: Salado
• Sour: Agrio
• Spicy: Picante
• Trendy: Moda

Theme 1: Travel

• Countryside: Campo
• Fare: Tarifa
• Journey: Viaje
• Trip: Viaje

Theme 2: Natural Disasters

• Ash: Ceniza
• Flood: Inundaciones
• Injure: Lesionar
• Landslide: Terrestre
• Mud: Barro
• Warn: Advertir

Emergencies

• Aid: Ayuda
• Break out: Fugarse
• Drown: Ahogar
• Hit: Golpear
• Homeless: Sin hogar
• Put out: Apagar
• Shelter: Refugio

Theme 3: Crime

• Burglar: Ladrón
• Gang: Pandilla
• Hijack: Secuestro
• Mug: Jarra
• Murder: Asesinato
• Punish: Castigar
• Thief: Ladrón
• Witness: Testigo

Television

• Current Affairs Programme:

English Word Components and Expressions

Prefixes and Their Meanings

Understanding prefixes helps in determining the meaning of many words. Here are examples grouped by their common prefixes:

• ANTI-: war, learning, coeducational, exist, cooperation
• MIS-: behave, print, understand
• OUT-: perform, play, run
• OVER-: charge, confident, work
• RE-: write, do
• UNDER-: achieve, cook, estimate
• DIS-: approve, honesty, loyalty
• IL-: legal, legible
• IM-: mature, polite, possible
• IN-: compatible
• IR-: rational, responsible
• UN-: comfortable, usual

Nouns Related to Personal Qualities

A list of important personal attributes:

ABILITY, AMBITION, CAUTION, DETERMINATION, ENCOURAGEMENT, ENJOYMENT, HAPPINESS, IMAGINATION, INSPIRATION, PATIENCE, PERFORMANCE, REALITY, TOUGHNESS, VIOLENCE,

Finding Joy in Your Work

Happiness at Work

If you want to be happy at work, remember that all problems can be solved.

Another way to be happy is to enrich your work environment with photos and flowers.

Working Conditions

Builders have worse working conditions than bankers.

Job Satisfaction

I love developing new products. It's the most fascinating job in the company.

Information technology specialists are slightly happier than real estate agents.

Legal Profession

I am a lawyer specializing in real estate law. My work is always interesting.

I handle all the legal work related to the sale of buildings and land.

I work 60 hours a week and sometimes get very stressed, but I'm happy most of the time.

Fitness Industry

I am a personal trainer. I love this job because