Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Industrial Capitalism

The Industrial Revolution, originating in Britain, propelled the rise of capitalism and liberalism. This system subsequently spread throughout Europe, the USA, and Japan.

In the eighteenth century, Adam Smith defined economic liberalism. He posited that self-interest was the driving force of the economy, prices adjusted supply to demand, and the state should not interfere with free trade.

Under these principles, capitalism is based on a system where the means of production are privately owned.

When supply outpaces demand, businesses fail, stockpiles accumulate, and unemployment rises. This chain of events leads to economic crises.

Banks played a crucial role, providing loans and facilitating payments through checks and bills.... Continue reading "Industrial Capitalism and Its Impact on 19th-Century Society" »

Key Concepts in Child Welfare and Education

Intervention

Intervention refers to actions taken to prevent or correct unsatisfactory personal or collective circumstances. This includes ensuring the satisfaction of needs.

Educational Intervention

Educational intervention aims to help children acquire new skills, habits, and knowledge. These interventions contribute to the development of autonomy, personal knowledge, freedom, choice, and self-fulfillment. They foster intrinsic motivation.

Child Care Modality

This modality provides children with opportunities in various areas to promote learning and development. It focuses on meeting their needs and compensating for economic or cultural shortcomings and inequalities. It starts with the children's needs... Continue reading "Child Protection and Education: Key Concepts and Organizations" »

Worship Level

In-Plane Phonics

Complete and careful articulation, and moderate tone.

On the Morphosyntactic

Periods carefully crafted and comprehensive syntactic, and discourse is coherent.

On the Semantic Lexicon

Vocabulary ownership, use of neologisms and foreign words (with a limit!).

Scientific-Technical Language

Variety of cultural language, limited to different fields of knowledge (medicine, technology, etc.) comes from the lexicon: the usual language, Greek and Latin, and English. The language is denotative, rigorous, rational, and unambiguous.

Jargon

The special language of a particular social group, only used by its speakers as members of this social group, outside the general language speakers. There is slang for: soldiers, criminals (underworld)

Bolívar Family Origins

The name Bolívar is of Basque origin. The Bolívar family came from a village called La Puebla de Bolívar in Vizcaya (Basque Country), Spain.

First Bolívar in Venezuela

The first of the Bolívars to arrive in Venezuela, along with his son, came to Caracas 30 years after the city's founding, around 1589. To distinguish them, they were known as Simón de Bolívar the Elder and Simón de Bolívar the Younger.

Simón de Bolívar the Elder

Bolívar the Elder stood out as a royal accountant, by special privilege of King Philip II, and as keeper of the treasury. He was also attorney general for the cities of Caracas, Coro, Trujillo, Barquisimeto, Carora, El Tocuyo, and Maracaibo. He traveled to the Spanish court between 1590... Continue reading "Simón Bolívar: Family, Schooling, Influence" »

Globalization is the process of progressive economic integration and increased interdependence, communication, and connectivity worldwide. The economies and companies of the world are in constant interaction.

Globalization Chronology

Second Globalization Wave: The most widely accepted chronology is from the 1970s and 1980s onwards.

A Timeline for the Globalization Process

The First Globalization Wave took place in the 19th century. At that time, the world underwent a phase characterized by an unprecedented mobility of labor, capital, and products. The process of building an international economy occurred in the course of the 19th century, but the specific chronology of the First Globalization Wave is, according to most authors, from 1850 to 1914.... Continue reading "Understanding Globalization: Waves, Factors, and Impact" »

José Ortega y Gasset: A 20th-Century Perspective

Context:

José Ortega y Gasset stands as a prominent philosopher and intellectual of the 20th century. His Spanish origins perhaps hindered his wider recognition in recent history. It's noteworthy that he often left his books unfinished. A philosopher in the traditional sense, Ortega rejected the confinement of philosophy to academic circles, seeking to elevate the cultural level of his nation. Understanding his thought requires navigating a diverse body of work, including articles, lectures, and essays. His journalistic endeavors, a significant aspect of his originality, offer insights into his political thinking and commitment to Spain's socio-political reality.

Ortega's Perspectivism and the

Latin American Economic Evolution

Phase 1: Industrial Revolution's Impact

• The Industrial Revolution led to changes in Latin American economies.
• Industrialization caused a strong demand for food and raw materials.
• Economic growth in the 20th century, driven by export-import activities, brought about social transformations, including:
  • Modernization of the upper class
  • Emergence of new professions and services
  • Political changes, diminishing the role of strongmen, with the elite becoming more interested in national politics.
• Political authority was sought in two forms: elite landowners and governments taking direct control of reform.

Phase 2: Expansion of Growth

• Increased exports improved the economy.
• European migration met labor demands.
• Cities grew due to

The Rise of Mass Society in the 20th Century

The first half of the 20th century saw the consolidation of mass society, characterized by these main features:

• Increased public participation in politics through mass media and the generalization of universal suffrage.
• The emergence of mass parties seeking votes from large social groups, unlike the smaller elites targeted by traditional parties.
• Rising living standards leading to the development of a consumer society and new concepts of leisure.

The Emancipation of Women

One of the most significant social changes was the beginning of women's emancipation. In the second half of the 19th century, the suffragist movement emerged, aiming to secure women's right to political participation, improve education... Continue reading "Mass Society, Women's Emancipation, and Media in the 20th Century" »

Utopian vs. Scientific Socialism

Utopian Socialism, as espoused by thinkers like Proudhon, viewed capitalist competition as having inevitable consequences. This perspective often contrasted with Marx's ideas, particularly regarding the dynamic of progress, technological advancement, and the elimination of private property.

Foundations of Scientific Socialism

Scientific Socialism posits that the dialectical method is crucial for understanding the real movement of things. It involves comprehending the status quo and its negation, leading to the development of historical reality.

The Dialectical Method

The dialectic serves as a powerful tool for understanding the true movement of things, enabling us to grasp the current state and its inherent contradictions,... Continue reading "Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Alienation, and Social Transformation" »

Andrés Manjón: A Visionary Educator

ANDRÉS MANJÓN

Biography

Born in Burgos on November 30, 1846, Andrés Manjón was educated by his uncle. His mother persuaded him to attend school and receive a basic education. He later moved to the University of Granada, where he lived the rest of his days. There, he founded the first Ave Maria School and began his revolutionary approach to teaching methods. Throughout his life, he opened about 400 Ave Maria Schools.

Historical Context

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, four key developments shaped pedagogy in Europe:

• The rise of the active school movement
• Trends toward improved civic education
• Increased protection of youth
• The emergence of novel educational movements

There was a significant transformation... Continue reading "Andrés Manjón: Biography, Pedagogy, and Legacy" »