Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The New Order and Bourbon Reforms

Philip V undertook important reforms in the administration, inspired by the French model. The Nueva Planta decrees were applied to the former Crown of Aragon:

• Aragon and Valencia (1707)
• Mallorca (1715)
• Catalonia (1716)

These decrees suppressed local charters and institutions. Each region established a Captain General (formerly Viceroy) and an Audiencia, establishing a new taxation system. This set up a centralized state, only respecting the privileges of Navarra and the Basque Country.

Foreign Policy and Military Recovery

The foreign policy of Philip V was aimed at the recovery of the Peace of Utrecht. Alberoni boosted the reappearance of the Spanish military force in Italy. Philip V signed two of the three Family

The War of Independence: Background and Conflict

Background

The conflict began following the Abdication of Bayonne. After popular mutinies, Joseph Bonaparte was installed as King of Spain by France, leading to widespread insurrection.

Sides of the Conflict

• Pro-French Faction: Joseph Bonaparte, supported by Francophiles (opportunists and enlightened modernizers).
• Spanish Insurrectionists: Supported three main groups backing Ferdinand VII:
  • Liberals (desiring a liberal monarchy).
  • Absolutists (desiring absolute monarchy).

Development of the War

Rebellious zones organized local anti-French governing bodies:

• Local boards (nobility and clergy).
• Provincial and Central Supreme Juntas (managed the war and governed the country).
• The Regency Council in Cadiz (acted

Linguistic Concepts

Vocabulary

B: finish, arrive, mist, bain, Baron, bandage, wart, beam, bald, perky, mobile, sap, download, pop, roll around, find work, debanar Basque, Vizcaya.

A: ring, tram, triumvir, seized, fir, grandfather anymore, abortion, change, rattlesnake, horse riding, coward, envestir, slender, fend, burning, lip, broad bean, outdoors, sports, test, rappel, radishes, sage, wine, Travis clover, buckle, Cordoba, La Habana, Stephen.

E: apricot, amethyst, assembly, Cinnamon, disguise, Carpenter, efeminat, asparagus, marigold, monastery, rock, Sergeant, hustle, Empúries on shaving ambassador, boot, murderer, evaluate, fault, bathrobes, down, front, birth, Pescadero, cattle, bitter brush.

Spelling Rules

• Beginning word S, V + C, + V, end.

Ethics

A set of moral norms governing the conduct of a person in any area of life.

Moral

A code of behavior that human societies are endowed with, defining what is right and wrong.

Moral Law

The laws established by each society, affecting the entire nation.

Religious Morality

It depends on each person's religion.

Social Morality

Rules society imposes in areas that are neither legal nor religious.

Family Morality

For example, rules parents impose.

Personal Morality (Children)

For example, whether a child allows themselves to be bothered or not in class.

Counselor

Equivalent to a minister, but specific to each Autonomous Community.

Historical Note: French Revolution and Women's Rights

During the French Revolution (1789), under Louis XVI, a declaration of women'... Continue reading "Civic and Ethical Foundations: Key Concepts Defined" »

Linguistic Diversity in the World

Between four and seven thousand languages are spoken globally, yet fewer than two hundred states exist. This leads to the claim that most states are multilingual. Language barriers do not always correspond with political or administrative boundaries. The highest density of languages is found in Papua New Guinea, with seven hundred languages. To a lesser extent, the Iberian Peninsula features languages of international communication, such as French and English, which are considered the languages par excellence internationally.

As a consequence of choosing a particular language for international use, several attempts were made to create artificial languages, like Esperanto. The emergence of pidgins is due to the... Continue reading "Global Linguistic Diversity and Language Families" »

The English Model of Industrial Development

The English Model: Britain's pioneering status established it as a world power until 1914. The English model can be summarized under three main headings:

• Resources: Human resources and an increased population drove demand and provided manpower for the industry.
• Energy and Raw Materials: Abundant wool, iron ore, and coal provided a significant advantage over poorly endowed countries.
• Food: Bumper harvests and surplus produce occurred between 1740 and 1780.

Key Industrial Sectors

• Textiles and Steel: These became the classical sectors of national development.
• Thermal Innovations: Innovations were constant; the Watt steam engine became one of the most important inventions in history.

The Spread of the Industrial

The Social and Political Commitment of Miguel Hernández

Miguel Hernández's solutions in his writings can be divided into stages:

• The first stage expresses revolutionary acts of peasants and communists.
• The second stage begins with a poetry imbued with social protest.

The Farmer of More Air curses farmers and brandishes communist symbols.

The Ray Doesn't Stop shows loving and non-conformist introspection with a wicked society.

Wind of the People is optimistic, enthusiastic, and combative, moving by fraternity and fruitful blood. It has an epic tone but never ignores the lyric, with a clear and transparent way to be understood.

Man is a Hunter is the pessimistic version of the general war. The verse is large and painful, contemplating the defeat on... Continue reading "Miguel Hernández: Social Commitment, Images, and Symbols" »

The Liberal Revolution and the Cortes of Cádiz

The political developments in occupied Spain created a revolutionary process and a confrontation between the pro-French and the patriots. Within the patriot camp, a division emerged between liberals and absolutists. This revolutionary process had three centers of action:

• The Boards (Juntas): These were formed to address the power vacuum caused by the French invasion. These local boards were organized at the provincial level, which then reported to the Central Board. The boards were composed of bishops, military commanders, writers, lawyers, and other prominent figures.
• The Guerrilla Movement: The failures of the regular Spanish army led to another kind of resistance. The guerrilla movement arose

Spanish Provincial Government

According to Article 141 of the Constitution, a Province is a local entity with legal personality determined by the grouping of municipalities. The Spanish state is divided into 50 provinces, whose limits and capital can only be amended by Act.

The Provincial Government

The bodies involved are the president, vice presidents, and the full Governing Board. Other complementary bodies are established and regulated by the councils and autonomous communities.

• The President of the Provincial Council: Elected from among members by absolute majority. The appointment is every 4 years.
• The Vice Presidents: Appointed by the president from among the members of the Governing Board.
• The Governing Board: Assists the president.
• The House:

Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis is a discipline founded by Sigmund Freud, and within it, one can distinguish three levels:

• A) A research method that essentially brings evidence of the unconscious meaning of words, actions, and imaginary productions (dreams, fantasies, delusions) of an individual.
• B) A psychotherapeutic method based on this research and characterized by the interpretation of resistance, transference, and desire.
• C) A set of psychological and psychopathological theories that systematize the data provided by the psychoanalytic method of investigation and treatment.

Defense Mechanisms

Defense mechanisms are unconscious psychological strategies brought into play by various entities to cope with reality and to maintain self-image.

• Repression: