Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Understanding Language Varieties

Language is a common code shared by speakers belonging to a community. Certain circumstances explain the appearance of different varieties within the same language. These are categorized into:

Diaphasic or Situational Varieties

These are related to the communicative situation and the individual style of the speaker. It is a variety of speech that gives rise to linguistic registers. The elements of a communicative situation are:

1. The personality of the sender-receiver
2. The communicative tension or degree of formality
3. The intentionality
4. The subject matter
5. Unilateral or bilateral interaction
6. The interaction space

There are two types of registers:

• Formal Register: Typical of cultural, scientific, and literary domains. The most

Feminist Literary Criticism Defined

Feminist literary criticism is a form of literary analysis informed by feminist theory or the politics of feminism more broadly. Feminism itself is a way of thinking, writing, and acting that asserts men and women possess equal capacity and deserve the same opportunities. It posits that gender differences are not inherent but socially constructed through education and societal norms.

As articulated by Simone de Beauvoir, this movement involves the rejection of the naturalization of the category of "woman": “One is not born, but rather becomes a woman.” In the process of exposing the ideological work involved in the construction of gender, feminist theory and practice are intimately entwined within the domain... Continue reading "Feminist Literary Criticism: Definition, Principles, and Aims" »

Workforce Planning & Talent Management

Workforce re-cultivation involves strategic internal investigation and planning to predict the labor force and human talent required for the realization of future organizational actions.

Strategic Workforce Planning

Strategic workforce planning aims to align human capital with organizational goals, ensuring the right talent is available when needed.

Key Workforce Planning Models

• Demand-based model: Estimates demand for products or services, accounting for productivity increases from technological changes.
• Substitution model: Focuses on replacing positions.
• Flow model: Characterizes the flow of people into and out of the organization.
• Integrated planning model: Considers planned workload volume, technological

Social Conflict as a Factor for Change

The Great Catalan Encyclopedia describes conflict as "a temporary imbalance in the cohesion of a social system, caused by dissident forces or elements which may be internal or external to it and seeking to restore a new equilibrium on new foundations."

The definition of conflict includes a wide range of social phenomena. Strikes and large and small popular demonstrations are forms of conflict, but these apparent disorders ultimately restore order. Thanks to social movements of protest, developed societies are stable systems. Conflict is an acute form of competition, as issues of aggression and defense are embedded within social conflict. In some cases, this activity is so institutionalized that there are... Continue reading "The Role of Social Conflict in Driving Societal Change" »

Key Aspects of Research Methodology

Characteristics of Research Objectives

Research objectives must be expressed clearly to avoid deviations in the research process. They should be attainable and consistent with each other and the overall study design.

Formulating Research Questions

The research problem should be posed as a direct question. Raising it directly offers the advantage of clarity, minimizing distortion in the research focus.

Justifying Your Research

All research must be justified with clear reasons. Most research is performed with a specific aim or purpose, investigating sufficiently. Research cannot be conducted on a whim; its appropriateness and benefits must be clearly explained.

Evaluating Research Potential

Research is undertaken for... Continue reading "Foundations of Research Design and Scientific Principles" »

Republican Governance and the Defense of Madrid

On July 19, 1936, Casares Quiroga was replaced by José Giral, who established a popular power structure formed by trade unions and left-wing parties (Partits d'Esquerra). This period involved repression against insurgents, the pursuit of the Church, and the commandeering of private property and goods.

By September 5, 1936, Largo Caballero formed a government in Madrid with socialists and communists. Republicans organized voluntarily to go to the front. During this time, José Primo de Rivera and his allies were executed in prison.

By October 29, 1936, slogans such as "No Pasarán" and "Madrid, the tomb of fascism" appeared. In November 1936, the Republican government moved to Valencia. A defense... Continue reading "Republican Resistance and Governance (1936-1938)" »

Territorial Articulation and Historical Provinces

5.1.1 Territorial Articulation: This section addresses projects with a common distribution across Navarre and the Basque Autonomous Community (comprising the provinces of Alava, Guipuzcoa, and Vizcaya). These are the common institutions of government. In addition to participating in the Basque Parliament (Legebiltzarrea) and the Basque Government, each province has its own specific historical bodies: the General Assembly (Juntas Generales) and the Provincial Council (Aldundiak).

The Law of Historical Territories (LTH)

With Foralite restored, these entities have significant powers at their disposal, especially regarding financial affairs. This situation has occasionally acted as a conflict trigger... Continue reading "Basque Territorial Articulation and Economic Agreement" »

The Development of the Labor Movement

During the Restoration, there was an extraordinary expansion of the Spanish labor movement in relation to industrial development. The Spanish labor movement was divided into two primary ideological trends:

Anarcho-syndicalism

Its main features are:

• Private property: It is considered the cause of social inequalities.
• Authority: Rejection of all kinds of imposed authority.
• Liberty: It is the path to revolution.
• Organization: It is organized on the basis of equality for all its members. Property is communal, and resources are shared equally among all its members.
• Politics: It is organized in small communities through assemblies.

Since 1874, the anarchists followed two tendencies: retreating to wait for more favorable... Continue reading "Spanish Labor Movement and Social Evolution (1874-1910)" »

Society and Mentality of the Romantic Period

The Society of the Romantic period starts in 1815 with the defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of absolute monarchy. Romanticism is a broad and complex period. The mentality is based on individualism, self-manifestation, irrationalism, and the defense of freedom.

Key Features of the Romantic Spirit

• Idealism: The search for unattainable ideas.
• Nationalism: Valuing the unique features of each country.
• Exoticism: Rejection of modern society in favor of the rebellious and youthful spirit.

Historical Circumstances in Spain

Pre-romanticism was hampered by the War of Independence and the absolute braking of the King. Spanish intellectuals in exile in France exported the knowledge of Romanticism that Spain did... Continue reading "Spanish Literary History: Romanticism to Naturalism" »

The Hegelian and Marxian Dialectics

The Hegelian dialectic serves a complete and finished system of world history. Based on contradiction, it interprets and justifies the world, rather than transforming it. In contrast, the Marxian dialectic is open and unfinished, reflecting the incomplete nature of history and the real world. It aims to transform reality, not justify it, focusing on the contradictions within reality itself. Marx's dialectic is a dialectic of reality (the "subject"), not of ideas. It is a revolutionary dialectic of transformation.

Marx's Materialist Dialectic

Marx, a materialist, sought to synthesize Hegelian idealism with his materialism, creating dialectical materialism. His fundamental intuition is that history is simultaneously... Continue reading "Marxian and Hegelian Dialectics: A Materialist Interpretation of History" »