Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

The communicative situation is the set of circumstances in which communication takes place. These elements are:

• Personality of transmitter and receiver
• Degree of formality
• Topic of communication
• Intentionality
• Interaction type
• Scope of social interaction

Language Registers

It is the individual use of language. It reflects the ability of people to adapt their language style based on their proficiency: the higher the degree and level of language, the easier it will be to change their style. There are two types of registers:

1. Formal register: Used in specialized fields and employs standard usage. The formal register is the standard register.
2. Informal register: Used in family and friendship settings. The most significant is the colloquial register.

The Colloquial

The concept of globalization emerged in the twentieth century, following the crisis of the socialist bloc. However, throughout history, there have been various waves of globalization and internationalization of human relations.

Globalization has achieved much in the economic sphere. There is an unfettered freedom of capital movements, and some barriers to trade in goods and services have been removed. However, the movement of people, particularly migration, remains limited. The globalization of justice, human rights, ecology, and political decisions has been largely shelved.

The balance of the last 30 years concludes that globalization has not reached all countries. It has primarily benefited the most skilled sectors of the population in richer... Continue reading "Globalization: Impacts on Economy, Society, and Environment" »

Understanding the Concept of Text

The text is a sentence or a more or less long sequence of sentences ordered coherently and endowed with meaning. It is the maximum unit of communication.

A text elaborates on an idea or a number of ideas that the sender wants to transmit, and each idea is logically related to the others. The resources for this are links, syntactic matches, and semantic relationships.

Therefore, the two essential properties of a text are syntactic cohesion and semantic coherence. Cohesion can be defined as the interdependence between the elements of a text. It exists when each constituent of the text depends on others and cannot be understood without taking these into account.

Cohesion mechanisms are varied; the most important are:... Continue reading "Understanding Text: Definition, Properties, and Global Spanish" »

Understanding Linguistics: The Science of Language

Linguistics is the scientific study of language, focusing on how languages are actually spoken rather than prescribing how they should be spoken. It adopts a critical and inquiring attitude, refusing to uncritically accept ideas or ways of thinking about language.

Considered both a humanities and a science subject, linguistics connects with various fields:

• Humanities: Links include language history and philosophy.
• Social Sciences: Connections extend to sociology, psychology, and even biology.

Main Branches of Linguistics

The field of linguistics is diverse, encompassing several specialized branches:

• Phonetics and Phonology: These branches deal with the sounds of languages.
  • Phonetics: Focuses on how

The Development of the Labor Movement

During the Restoration, there was an extraordinary expansion of the Spanish labor movement in relation to industrial development. The Spanish labor movement was divided into two primary ideological trends:

Anarcho-syndicalism

Its main features are:

• Private property: It is considered the cause of social inequalities.
• Authority: Rejection of all kinds of imposed authority.
• Liberty: It is the path to revolution.
• Organization: It is organized on the basis of equality for all its members. Property is communal, and resources are shared equally among all its members.
• Politics: It is organized in small communities through assemblies.

Since 1874, the anarchists followed two tendencies: retreating to wait for more favorable... Continue reading "Spanish Labor Movement and Social Evolution (1874-1910)" »

Territorial Articulation and Historical Provinces

5.1.1 Territorial Articulation: This section addresses projects with a common distribution across Navarre and the Basque Autonomous Community (comprising the provinces of Alava, Guipuzcoa, and Vizcaya). These are the common institutions of government. In addition to participating in the Basque Parliament (Legebiltzarrea) and the Basque Government, each province has its own specific historical bodies: the General Assembly (Juntas Generales) and the Provincial Council (Aldundiak).

The Law of Historical Territories (LTH)

With Foralite restored, these entities have significant powers at their disposal, especially regarding financial affairs. This situation has occasionally acted as a conflict trigger... Continue reading "Basque Territorial Articulation and Economic Agreement" »

Republican Governance and the Defense of Madrid

On July 19, 1936, Casares Quiroga was replaced by José Giral, who established a popular power structure formed by trade unions and left-wing parties (Partits d'Esquerra). This period involved repression against insurgents, the pursuit of the Church, and the commandeering of private property and goods.

By September 5, 1936, Largo Caballero formed a government in Madrid with socialists and communists. Republicans organized voluntarily to go to the front. During this time, José Primo de Rivera and his allies were executed in prison.

By October 29, 1936, slogans such as "No Pasarán" and "Madrid, the tomb of fascism" appeared. In November 1936, the Republican government moved to Valencia. A defense... Continue reading "Republican Resistance and Governance (1936-1938)" »

Key Aspects of Research Methodology

Characteristics of Research Objectives

Research objectives must be expressed clearly to avoid deviations in the research process. They should be attainable and consistent with each other and the overall study design.

Formulating Research Questions

The research problem should be posed as a direct question. Raising it directly offers the advantage of clarity, minimizing distortion in the research focus.

Justifying Your Research

All research must be justified with clear reasons. Most research is performed with a specific aim or purpose, investigating sufficiently. Research cannot be conducted on a whim; its appropriateness and benefits must be clearly explained.

Evaluating Research Potential

Research is undertaken for... Continue reading "Foundations of Research Design and Scientific Principles" »

Workforce Planning & Talent Management

Workforce re-cultivation involves strategic internal investigation and planning to predict the labor force and human talent required for the realization of future organizational actions.

Strategic Workforce Planning

Strategic workforce planning aims to align human capital with organizational goals, ensuring the right talent is available when needed.

Key Workforce Planning Models

• Demand-based model: Estimates demand for products or services, accounting for productivity increases from technological changes.
• Substitution model: Focuses on replacing positions.
• Flow model: Characterizes the flow of people into and out of the organization.
• Integrated planning model: Considers planned workload volume, technological

Understanding Language Varieties

Language is a common code shared by speakers belonging to a community. Certain circumstances explain the appearance of different varieties within the same language. These are categorized into:

Diaphasic or Situational Varieties

These are related to the communicative situation and the individual style of the speaker. It is a variety of speech that gives rise to linguistic registers. The elements of a communicative situation are:

1. The personality of the sender-receiver
2. The communicative tension or degree of formality
3. The intentionality
4. The subject matter
5. Unilateral or bilateral interaction
6. The interaction space

There are two types of registers:

• Formal Register: Typical of cultural, scientific, and literary domains. The most