Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Science Study Sheet: The Solar System

Inner Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

Outer Planets (Gas Giants): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Dwarf Planets

Pluto, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.

Characteristics of Stars

• Red Stars: These are the coolest stars with the lowest temperatures (e.g., 3,000°C). Example: Betelgeuse.
• Blue Stars: These are the hottest stars with the highest temperatures (e.g., 11,000°C). Example: Rigel.
• The Sun: A yellowish-white star that falls between the temperatures of blue and red stars.

The Moon and Gravitational Forces

• The Moon rotates on its axis and also revolves around the Earth.
• Gravitational force: The force of attraction between all masses in the universe.
• This force keeps all planets orbiting the Sun.

Karl Marx's Theory of Alienation

Karl Marx's thesis on the alienation of humanity within capitalist society describes a condition he sought to expose and overcome. Alienation, in this context, signifies estrangement, humiliation, and even reification (the process of turning a person into a thing). From the perspective of historical materialism, work and production are fundamentally the primary sources of human self-realization and development. However, capitalism alienates the worker, thereby corrupting their activity, humiliating them, and reducing them to an object, a mere commodity. Through the worker's labor, the value of goods increases, creating an added value to the commodified object. Interestingly, alienation also impacts the capitalist,... Continue reading "Karl Marx's Theory of Alienation in Capitalism" »

• Electoral Systems

  Electoral systems exist in democratic regimes and are found in two forms: proportional and majority.

• Proportional: Characterized by the amount of power that is assumed in the governing bodies, which is proportional to the number of votes obtained in the elections.

Majority: Characterized by the desire to obtain the most votes, which grants all the power. When a party receives 50 + 1 votes, it secures 100% of the representation in Congress.

The proportional system is a fair system from the standpoint of political representation, but it is often seen as unfair compared to the majority system.

From the perspective of political representation, the proportional system helps create conditions that can lead to political instability due

Absolute, Liberal, and Socialist States

The Absolute State (16th-17th Centuries)

In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, social and political problems and revolts from nobles, cities, and farmers increased the power of kings. Authoritarian monarchies evolved into absolute monarchies where kings held absolute power. These kings concentrated executive, legislative, and judicial functions. The absolute state was defined by the rule of law, applying to all its components.

The Liberal State

The liberal state centers on the individual. Its function is to create a legal framework enabling free action. Individuals possess inherent rights, prior to and more important than the state, which must respect these rights. The state creates laws to protect... Continue reading "Absolute, Liberal, Socialist, and Welfare States: A Comparative Analysis" »

Economic and Social Transformations in Spain

The evolution of Spain was closely linked to the political and legislative changes that occurred in this period. The triumph of the liberal regime meant the adoption of a legislative package to establish a new economic order based on liberalism. The liberal economic policy focused on strengthening property rights.

Agricultural Revolution and Land Expansion

After the death of Fernando VII, the liberal regime was consolidated, allowing for an agrarian revolution. This was driven by a certain demographic thrust and liberal political actions that led to a significant expansion of agricultural land. Wheat-growing met a considerable expansion, and the vineyard also recorded steady growth. In viticulture,... Continue reading "19th-Century Spanish Economic and Social Transformations" »

Understanding the Concept of Text

The text is a sentence or a more or less long sequence of sentences ordered coherently and endowed with meaning. It is the maximum unit of communication.

A text elaborates on an idea or a number of ideas that the sender wants to transmit, and each idea is logically related to the others. The resources for this are links, syntactic matches, and semantic relationships.

Therefore, the two essential properties of a text are syntactic cohesion and semantic coherence. Cohesion can be defined as the interdependence between the elements of a text. It exists when each constituent of the text depends on others and cannot be understood without taking these into account.

Cohesion mechanisms are varied; the most important are:... Continue reading "Understanding Text: Definition, Properties, and Global Spanish" »

The Spanish Constitution of 1978

This document, of a legal and political nature, outlines a series of articles from the Spanish Constitution of 1978. It was drafted by the Constitutional Affairs Committee of the Congress of Deputies and published in December 1978.

Genesis of the Constitution

Following the composition of Parliament and its conversion to a bicameral system, Adolfo Suárez, then head of government, sought to transform the elected chamber for the transition into a constituent assembly. This crucial first step was decisive in creating the initial draft of the Constitution.

A committee was formed, comprising 36 deputies from various political associations. Within this, a subcommittee of seven individuals was tasked with approving the... Continue reading "Spanish Constitution of 1978: Foundations of Modern Democracy" »

TABACO
in my opinion, thousands of workers will be dismissed from hotel companies for their decline in customers and thousands of establishments that are already in trouble by the crisis, eventually closing, in addition to already established before the local law reforms that made a big investment for its local bars conditioned.
Moreover, the new law will mean the decline of smoking, which will improve the quality of life of Spanish but also will mean a rise in the price of other products such as gasoline because the snuff is a great source of income
in conclusion, the law has its advantages and disadvantages, is detrimental to the bars and increase the price of all other products, but also represents a healthy environment

PAISES Y COMIDA TRANSGENICA
in... Continue reading "Law 19983 on" »

Social Inequalities: Causes and Consequences

The Industrial Revolution in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was a major cause of social inequalities. Key factors contributing to these disparities included:

• Establishment of factories and mass migration from the countryside to the city.
• Excessive working hours (14 to 16 hours).
• Low wages and inadequate housing.
• Lack of insurance and medical rights.

A new social class, the proletariat, reacted to these inequalities and injustices through strikes. As a result of this movement, the proletariat gained the right to association and trade unionism, although the working class remained exploited by the interests of capital.

Global Division Resulting from Industrialization

Due to the Industrial Revolution,... Continue reading "Social Inequality, the Proletariat, and Christian Social Action" »