Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Network Support: Internal and External Support Services

Internal Support Services Center: Teacher Support

• Set up internal support by school professionals (teacher support for integration, support teacher training in schools in areas of remedial education)
• Duties of teacher support (Jordan, 1994): restorative and preventive model (see table in the book, pp. 231)
• Changing roles of teacher support:

• From individual deficit approach to global learning approaches.
• From therapeutic positions to curriculum positions.
• From preventive model to restorative model.

• Support Teacher: assists teachers in the curriculum adaptation process and cooperates with all teaching staff to develop strategies, materials, etc. to facilitate the inclusion of all students in the

Romanticism

Romanticism was a cultural and political movement that took place in both Germany and England. The great majority of critics and historians agree that the Romantic period began in 1798, when Wordsworth and Coleridge published Lyrical Ballads. This period would last until 1837, with the beginning of the Victorian Era. Romanticism arose as a reaction against the rationality of the Enlightenment and neoclassical precepts. Thus, this movement can be understood as a break with reason.

Romanticism in the Arts

Romanticism reached preponderance in all artistic facets. Although the name "romantic" has been given to people of those times, the word is anachronistic; in other words, these people did not consider themselves as Romantics. This term... Continue reading "Romanticism in Literature: Key Features and Influence" »

Anarchism: Ideology and Conflict with Marxism

Unlike Marxism, Anarchism is not a single comprehensive theory but a political philosophy with many variations depending on the author. However, common ideas include the aspiration to a stateless society without government, rejecting any form of power. Anarchist struggle focuses on dismantling any manifestation of power.

The friction between anarchists and Marxists stems from two key differences:

• Objectives: Anarchists seek the immediate abolition of the State.
• Strategy: Anarchists reject the formation of workers' political parties.

Development of the Worker Movement: First Third of the Twentieth Century

During the Restoration period, the working classes noted a significant disparity between their large... Continue reading "Political and Labor Movements in Spain (1900-1930)" »

The UK: Why Great Britain is such a multiracial and multicultural country dates far back to the time when countries like India, Hong Kong, Malaysia, etc. were part of the British Commonwealth. This gave the people of these countries the right to settle in Great Britain if they wanted. However, these British 'foreigners' were not looked upon as totally British with British rights. They were even limited in the beginning to their own sectors and were given the worst jobs while the best posts were kept for the British themselves.

Today, it is obvious that legitimate immigration is what has made Britain successful economically, and this has been solidified by the intermixture of races and intermarriage. That is why incomers are welcomed, mainly... Continue reading "Understanding Multiculturalism in Great Britain" »

The Nature of the Political Oligarchy

The system was defined by those who formed an oligarchy in power, while the mass of the people—especially the rural, illiterate, apolitical, and conformist—remained aloof.

The Formula of Political Turnismo

Political Turnismo was a political formula of immediate advantage. Thanks to electoral manipulation, it gave both parties the possibility of alternating in government peacefully. As was already agreed, the system was based on permanent counterfeiting, which meant not only an agreement with the Crown and the Constitution but also socio-economic approaches based on capitalist production and private property. This was a government that worked "from the top down."

The system was secured by a party leadership... Continue reading "The Turnismo System and Political Oligarchy in Spain" »

International Organizations and the European Union

International Organizations: These are voluntary associations created by states, with specific objectives related to territory and other goals.

The United Nations

Founded in 1945, the United Nations intervenes in conflicts to promote peace. Its principal objectives include supporting human rights, maintaining peace, and promoting international cooperation.

Main Bodies of the UN:

• Secretariat
• General Assembly
• Security Council

UN Agencies:

• UNICEF
• UNESCO
• FAO
• WHO
• UNHCR
• ILO

State Organization

States are organized into smaller units at three levels: central, regional, and local. Spain, for example, is divided into 17 regions and 2 autonomous cities. Each region is further divided into provinces, and each province... Continue reading "Understanding International Organizations and the European Union" »

English Language Vocabulary

Common Nouns

• Reliance
• Employer
• Employment
• Experiment
• Population
• Scanner
• Amusement
• Assistance
• Belief
• Trainer
• Darkness
• Attraction
• Exhaustion
• Retirement
• Promotion
• Responsibility
• Conservation
• Accommodation
• Knowledge
• Admission
• Advertisement
• Annoyance
• Approval
• Arrangement
• Arrival
• Assumption
• Improvement
• Application
• Argument
• Brilliance
• Payment
• Disappointment
• Relief
• Departure
• Isolation
• Denial
• Friendship
• Boredom
• Proposal
• Strength
• Loyalty
• Illness
• Allowance
• Marriage
• Censorship
• Success
• Complaint
• Achievement
• Comedian
• Childhood
• Failure
• Proof
• Punishment

Useful Adjectives

• Payable
• Preceptive
• Pleasurable
• Successful
• Supportive
• Suspicious
• Safe
• Resistant
• Shameless
• Sleepy
• Mechanical
• Moral
• Mysterious
• Courageous
• Creative
• Cruel
• Changeable
• Childish
• Civil
• Golden
• Avoidable
• Able
• Accidental
• Curious
• Additional
• Adequate
• Admirable
• Affectionate
• Alcoholic
• Anxious
• Advantageous
• Productive
• Proud
• Protective
• Punctual
• Pure
• Famous
• Faulty
• Forgetful
• Meaningful
• Less
• Excited
• Fashionable
• Fortunate
• Fit
• Comic
• Responsible

Global

Dewey Decimal Classification System

000 Generalities

• 020 Library Science
• 030 General Encyclopedias
• 070 News and Journalism

100 Philosophy

• 150 Psychology
• 170 Ethics
• 190 Modern Philosophy

200 Religion

• 220 Bible
• 290 Other Religions

300 Social Sciences

• 310 Statistics
• 320 Political Science
• 330 Economics
• 340 Law
• 350 Public
• 360 Welfare
• 370 Education
• 380 Commerce
• 390 Customs and Folklore

400 Languages

• 410 Linguistics
• 420 English
• 450 Italian
• 460 Spanish and Portuguese
• 470 Italic Languages
• 480 Classical and Greek
• 490 Other Languages

500 Pure Sciences

• 510 Mathematics
• 520 Astronomy
• 530 Physics
• 540 Chemistry
• 550 Earth Sciences
• 560 Paleontology
• 570 Anthropology and Biology
• 580 Botanical Sciences
• 590 Zoological Sciences

600 Technology

• 610 Medical
• 620 Engineering
• 630 Agriculture
• 640 Home Economics
• 650

Primary Causes of the Revolution

Since 1760, bad harvests provoked a rise in food prices and widespread popular dissatisfaction.

The bourgeoisie was also unhappy due to the political exclusion they were subjected to by the nobility.

The French monarchy suffered a deep financial crisis prompted by the high expenses of the court and the State.

Major Events of the French Revolution

• A) National Assembly: June–July 1789
• B) Constituent Assembly: July 1789–1791
• C) Legislative Assembly: 1791–1792
• D) The Convention: 1792–1795
• E) The Directory: 1795–1799
• F) The Consulate: 1799–1804

The Constitutional Monarchy Phase

National Assembly (June–July 1789)

• The Third Estate left the Estates-General.
• The Attack on the Bastille.
• The Tennis Court Oath.

Constituent

Science Study Sheet: The Solar System

Inner Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.

Outer Planets (Gas Giants): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.

Dwarf Planets

Pluto, Ceres, Haumea, Makemake, and Eris.

Characteristics of Stars

• Red Stars: These are the coolest stars with the lowest temperatures (e.g., 3,000°C). Example: Betelgeuse.
• Blue Stars: These are the hottest stars with the highest temperatures (e.g., 11,000°C). Example: Rigel.
• The Sun: A yellowish-white star that falls between the temperatures of blue and red stars.

The Moon and Gravitational Forces

• The Moon rotates on its axis and also revolves around the Earth.
• Gravitational force: The force of attraction between all masses in the universe.
• This force keeps all planets orbiting the Sun.