Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Norman Marcher Lords

By 1200, only the tribes in the North remained unconquered. The Marcher Lords enjoyed as much power as the Welsh kings had: they were largely autonomous. They could build castles without the king’s permission, and royal jurisdiction was limited to high treason.

• Three kings/princes remained in Welsh Wales until the 13th century.
• Introduction of parish and diocese organization: bishops (some of whom swore fealty to Canterbury, while others refused).
• 1275: Prince Llywelyn’s hegemony and title in Wales were acknowledged by treaty in 1267.
• Defeated by Edward I in 1284.
• Statute of Wales (1284): County organization.
• Edward II: The first English Prince of Wales (1301).
• Note that three Welsh leaders claimed the same title in the medieval

The "Black Biennium" and Radical-CEDA Government (1933-1935)

In the first half of 1933, conservative forces gained ground, aiming for the government to resolve the Republic's contradictions. In the elections of that year, center-right parties achieved victory. A government was formed by the Radical Republican Party, headed by Alejandro Lerroux, with parliamentary support from the CEDA (Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights).

Although the CEDA had been the winning party in the elections, it had not achieved an absolute majority. President Niceto Alcalá Zamora doubted the CEDA's loyalty to the republican regime and thus tasked Lerroux with forming the government.

During this biennium, many reforms from previous years were suspended. This led... Continue reading "Spain's Second Republic: Political Crises and Civil War Genesis" »

Origins of the Spanish Labor Movement

This first association moved between the forbidden and tolerated. Politically, part of the labor movement supported Democratic Republicanism; these supporters later left to join internationalism and form their own class organizations. The Sexenio Democrático recognized the right of assembly and association, which allowed these groups to emerge from hiding and form their own class organizations.

The First International and Ideological Spread

The First International (AIT) arrived in Spain with leading anarchist principles; Bakuninism spread among the Catalan workers and peasants in Andalusia. The spread of Marxism occurred later; although its ideological weight was greater in the AIT, it only succeeded in Madrid.... Continue reading "Spanish Labor Movement: Anarchism and Marxism Evolution" »

Dewey Decimal Classification System

000 Generalities

• 020 Library Science
• 030 General Encyclopedias
• 070 News and Journalism

100 Philosophy

• 150 Psychology
• 170 Ethics
• 190 Modern Philosophy

200 Religion

• 220 Bible
• 290 Other Religions

300 Social Sciences

• 310 Statistics
• 320 Political Science
• 330 Economics
• 340 Law
• 350 Public
• 360 Welfare
• 370 Education
• 380 Commerce
• 390 Customs and Folklore

400 Languages

• 410 Linguistics
• 420 English
• 450 Italian
• 460 Spanish and Portuguese
• 470 Italic Languages
• 480 Classical and Greek
• 490 Other Languages

500 Pure Sciences

• 510 Mathematics
• 520 Astronomy
• 530 Physics
• 540 Chemistry
• 550 Earth Sciences
• 560 Paleontology
• 570 Anthropology and Biology
• 580 Botanical Sciences
• 590 Zoological Sciences

600 Technology

• 610 Medical
• 620 Engineering
• 630 Agriculture
• 640 Home Economics
• 650

Ancient Greece and the Archaic Period

• Greece had a privileged maritime position, as it was located between the Aegean and Mediterranean seas.
• Around 800 BCE, the first stage of Greek history, called the Archaic period, began.
• Philosophy appeared, along with the first artistic forms, the theater, and political reforms.
• In the city of Athens, formal education began at age seven: young people learned to read and write and studied music; they also received physical training. Between ages 18 and 20 they performed military service.
• In Sparta, social classes included: Spartans, Helots, and Perioeci. The Spartans were the dominant ruling group.

Roman Civilization

• The Roman civilization was located on the Italian peninsula.
• Society was formed by the patricians,

The Paleolithic Era: Foundations of Human History

The term "Paleolithic" combines "Paleo" (ancient) and "Lytic" (stone), referring to the Ancient Stone Age.

This period is characterized by two interdependent processes:

Key Processes of the Paleolithic Age

1. Hominization: The Evolution of Humanity

Hominization describes the physical and mental evolution of primates, transforming from ape-like ancestors to Homo sapiens sapiens.

2. Culture: Shaping Reality

Culture encompasses everything humans create and do, making humanity unique in its ability to modify reality. Culture is:

• Learned and adapted to environmental variables.
• Expressed through rules, norms, and material objects.

During the Paleolithic, the planet underwent significant climatic shifts, alternating... Continue reading "The Paleolithic Era: Human Evolution and Early Societies" »

Innovation Failure Factors in Education

Administrative Barriers

• Excessive regulation: Over-regulation of innovation and rigid formats.
• Bureaucratic mismatches: Disconnect between the Administration and schools regarding bureaucratic needs.
• Lack of recognition: Nonexistent recognition from the Administration for innovative efforts.
• Staff instability: Instability within the templates and personnel structures.

Organizational Challenges

• Time constraints: Lack of time and excessive teacher overload.
• Integration issues: Failure to integrate innovation into the core approaches of the center.
• Curricular vision: A strictly disciplinary curricular vision.
• Project saturation: Managing too many innovation projects simultaneously.
• External pressure: Pressure from

The Legislative Process: Drafting Laws

Initiative

• The Executive Power (PE) can present projects on any issue.
• The population cannot submit projects involving:
  1. Constitutional Reform
  2. Taxes (Tributos)
  3. Management
  4. Questions of Sovereignty
  5. Criminal Matters
• Legislative Members have the exclusive initiative for projects concerning troop contributions and recruitment.
• Senators are necessarily the Chamber of Origin for drafts concerning federal co-participation.

Sanctioning the Bill

This stage involves the Legislative Power (PL) chambers, which act as the Chamber of Origin and the Review Chamber. Being the Chamber of Origin is advantageous for the project's progression.

If the Chamber of Origin grants partial approval, the project proceeds to the Review Chamber.... Continue reading "Argentine Legislative Process and Constitutional Control Bodies" »

The Napoleonic Empire

In 1804, a Sénatus-consulte, approved by referendum, established the First French Empire, entrusting the government of the Republic to a hereditary emperor, Napoleon Bonaparte. In the same year, Napoleon further consolidated power under the Constitution of the Year XII. His ambition extended across Europe, aiming to be an emperor over other kings. He installed family members as monarchs in conquered territories like Holland, Westphalia, Spain, and Naples. This expansion alarmed Great Britain, which feared its own security should Napoleon's dominance continue. Napoleon founded the Fourth Dynasty of France, the House of Bonaparte.

Liberalism

Liberalism is a philosophical, economic, and political doctrine that promotes civil... Continue reading "Napoleonic Empire, Liberalism, Socialism, Rationalism Explained" »

The Directory and the Rise of Napoleon

The Directory suppressed popular uprisings led by various sectors, but its greatest achievement was in foreign policy. France's borders were extended, and the bourgeoisie began to believe that the army was the only means of maintaining order. On 9 November 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte staged a coup, seized power, and effectively ended the Revolution. He established the Consulate and declared himself First Consul.

The Consulate and Napoleonic Reforms

The Consulate drafted a new constitution that limited suffrage and established a Bill of Rights. Napoleon suppressed Jacobinism and democratic movements. In 1804, he crowned himself Emperor and created new institutions, including:

• The Civil and Criminal Codes: Standardizing