Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Scientific & Technical Language: Key Concepts

Understanding Terminologies

Terminologies are sets of voices characteristic of certain specialized scientific or technical disciplines. They are characterized by objectivity, accuracy, and stability, characteristic of their own voices, called technicalities.

Defining Technicalities

Technicalities are formed through referral procedures, the composition of Greco-Latin root words, abbreviations, acronyms, shortenings, lexical and semantic loans, changes in word meaning through metaphor or metonymy, and the invention of new words.

Elements of Scientific Discourse

The scientific discourse schema is an explanatory model for problem-solving. It often includes descriptive, narrative, sequential, prescriptive... Continue reading "Characteristics of Scientific Language and Poetic Expression" »

Post-War Catalan Culture

The Spanish Civil War was a crisis for Catalan culture, initiating a process of 'espanyolitzacio' (Spanish assimilation). Culture developed in three main areas:

• Public culture: Aimed at reaching people within the allowed framework.
• Underground culture: Practiced privately, often at home.
• Culture of exile: Developed by Catalans living abroad.

The goals were to preserve the language and institutions, restore social and cultural prestige, revive cultural contacts, group disoriented individuals, and avoid ideological and linguistic capitulation.

The Writers' Dilemma

The disorientation of Catalan intellectuals after the war and the disappearance of significant figures, coupled with a decrease in readership due to repression, led... Continue reading "Catalan Culture and Literature After the Spanish Civil War" »

Imperialism, particularly in the last third of the nineteenth century during the Second Industrial Revolution, saw major European powers leverage their superior technical and economic capabilities to create vast colonial empires. These empires were established by colonizing territories such as Africa and Asia, which often had very weak economic and political structures.

Causes of Imperialism

• Economic Causes

  European nations sought new markets to invest capital and to extract raw materials as cheaply as possible.

• Demographic Causes

  Growing populations in Europe had trouble finding work. Colonialism offered Europeans the possibility to emigrate and improve their life and work prospects.

• Political Causes

  The Great Powers entered a competition to control

Quality Principles of a Project (PDS Aragonesa)

Model of shared education and participation of individuals and groups involved. Development of an interdisciplinary team. Training of agents for context analysis, planning, methodology, evaluation, and education.

Stages of Intervention Planning (Community Program for PDS)

1. Identification of priority problems.
2. Setting general and specific objectives.
3. Identification of activities to achieve objectives.
4. Forecasting resource requirements.
5. Setting operational objectives.
6. Commissioning.
7. Evaluation of program progress.

Pineaut

Current Community Situation

Community Activities

Traditionally directed to schools, workplaces, and identified population groups (elderly, youth, women). New challenges in Europe include aging,... Continue reading "Quality Principles & Community Programs: PDS Aragonesa Model" »

Historical Context

Historical Context: After the Civil War ended, General Franco established a dictatorship that abolished basic freedoms and suppressed workers' demands, autonomy, etc. Franco's dictatorship was supported by the Army, the Falange, and the Church, who provided its legitimacy. The internal transformation of Spanish society and international circumstances forced him to go through different phases:

• Autarky (1940-1955, approximately): During these years, the Franco regime was isolated from the outside and was absent from international institutions. The interior policy was harshly repressive. During the war, Spain remained outside the economic, social, cultural, and technological development of previous decades.
• Opening (1955-1970,

Marx's Historical Materialism

According to Marxist doctrine, scientific and philosophical theories must be within the field of praxis (practice). Marx claims that it is high time that philosophers no longer simply observe the world but engage in transforming it. Consequently, he tried to develop his theory of knowledge. This should not be considered as such in a strict sense, not to be an epistemology on its slopes. Instead, it gathers conceptual elements for a Marxist critique of ideology, conceived as systematic ways to create false consciousness of reality.

Marx believed that the knowledge that every human being has of social and historical reality is determined by their economic status. This led Marx to affirm that it is reality that determines... Continue reading "Marx's Historical Materialism: Class Struggle & Revolution" »

Composition of the Constituent Assembly, 1869

Description and Interpretation of the 1869 Assembly

This semicircular sector chart illustrates a significant political event: the composition of the Constituent Assembly following the 1869 elections in Spain. It details the number of seats (representatives) secured by each political group that gained representation in the Cortes of 1869. A total of 351 deputies were distributed as follows:

• Progressive Party: 159 seats
• Liberal Union: 69 seats
• Federal Republican Party: 69 seats
• Democratic Party: 20 seats
• Carlist Party: 18 seats
• Isabelino Party: 14 seats
• Unitary Republicans: 2 seats (maintaining symbolic representation)

Historical Context: The 1868 Revolution and Suffrage

These election results emerged directly... Continue reading "Spain's 1869 Constituent Assembly: Composition and Impact" »

Cooperation and Aggression in Human Nature

Aggression and Violence: Elements inherent to human nature? Thomas Hobbes believed that man is essentially selfish, seeking only his own benefit. According to Hobbes, competition and rivalry are natural among men, while cooperation and solidarity arise later.

Sociological Darwinism

This theory posits that just as individuals and species evolve, so do societies. One of the various mechanisms that promote this progress is the struggle for survival. Thus, conflict is seen as an essential mechanism for human progress.

External Factors Influencing Behavior

This perspective suggests that violence and conflict in social life are not inherent in human nature. Humans are not inherently aggressive and competitive,... Continue reading "Human Nature: Socialization, Cooperation, and Conflict" »

Spanish Literature in the 18th Century

The Enlightenment

In the 18th century, European thought underwent a major change, initially in more advanced nations like England and France, and later in other countries. The sense of security that had existed in many aspects of human thought in previous centuries began to disappear.

The bourgeoisie began to dominate as a social class, disputing the political power of the nobility. With the rise of the bourgeoisie came the spread of the Enlightenment. This movement rejected ideological, political, and religious dogma. Opposed to the principle of authority that existed before, it now only supported conclusions reached through free human reason.

By mid-century, the Encyclopedia, led by Diderot and d'Alembert,... Continue reading "Spanish Literature in the 18th Century: Enlightenment to Pre-Romanticism" »

Jean Racine and the Principles of French Classicism

Jean Racine (1639-1699) was a significant dramatic author of the 17th century in France. His works are characterized by:

• Respect for the basic rules of classicism: one conflict, one day, and one place.
• Incorporation of myths from Greek and ancient Roman literature. He always sought inspiration for his plays in the classical world and remained true to the stories of myths.
• Adherence to the principle of decorum, ensuring no socially unacceptable situations are depicted.
• Centrally simple plots, with each based on a single conflict.
• The conflict's axis is passionate love, as love in Racine's works triggers intense passion.
• Facts are reduced to the minimum; for this reason, the conflict is expressed in