Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

-TYPE F TXT:Primary source. As regards the form, as it's decree=legal text/Content→political text    Law of adaptation of the Basque Fueros (1839)

-AUTHOR:Spanish Cortes+Regent Maria Cristina. Ratified by the liberal government    Introduction

-ADDRESSED: Mainly the→inhabitants of Basque provinces, therefore, is a public text

-OBJECTIVE:Adapt the Fueros to the constitution (insert them in the constitutional framework)

-LOCA+DATE: 1839. Approved during the regency of Maria Cristina (minority of Isabella II’s age)/End of 1st Carlist war with the signing of the Bergara agreement between Maroto and Espartero

Main idea: Adapt+take fueros to constitutional framework (1837 in power) So, urged legal reform of them

Intro: The Carlists who have... Continue reading "Adaptation of the Basque Fueros to the Constitutional Framework (1839)" »

MNE Organizational Design Decisions

The Multinational Enterprise (MNE) organizational design decision:

• Considers differentiation and integration, and the proper balance between them. This balance is rooted in the diverse requirements and circumstances of different locals and business units.
• The need for integration comes from the managerial perspective to maintain overall coordination and control, ensuring strategy implementation.

Global Product Structure

Advantages

• Global vision
• Resource leverage
• Strategic focus
• Simplicity
• Accountability
• Standard product introductions
• Enhanced speed and decision quality
• Self-contained product development and introduction
• Development of talent
• Low interference from other divisions

Disadvantages

• Limited cooperation, communication,

A guide for analyzing historical documents

OPCVL: Origin, Purpose, Content, Value, Limitation

Origin, Purpose, Content, Value, Limitation (OPCVL) is a technique for analyzing historical documents. It is used extensively in the International Baccalaureate curriculum and testing materials, and is incredibly helpful in teaching students to be critical observers and analytical thinkers. 

Origin:

Is this a primary or secondary source?  What leads you to characterize it as one or the other?

Who is the author?

When and where was it created/published? Who published it?

Is there anything we know about the author that is pertinent to our evaluation?

Purpose:

Why does this document exist?

Why did the author create this piece of work? Consider intent/audience/

What is the Role of the European Council?

The European Council is composed of the Heads of Government of each member state of the European Union, the President of the European Commission, and the High Representative for Foreign Affairs & Security Policy.

The European Council is in charge of designating the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy.

After the European Parliament elections, the European Council proposes a candidate for the post of President of the European Commission. When deciding on their nominee, the European Council considers the outcome of the European Parliament elections.

The choice of the candidate requires a qualified majority.

The European Council can also choose to end the High Representative'... Continue reading "European Council: Role, Organization, and Leadership" »

A

• Agreement: A mutual understanding between people.
• Amend: To change or improve something.
• Analyze: To separate something into parts and examine them.
• Approach: To come closer or near.
• Argument: A strong disagreement.

B

• Banish: To make someone leave a place.

C

• Campaign: A series of actions toward a goal.
• Characteristic: A specific feature.
• Citizen: A person who is a member of a country.
• Compare: To look at how things are alike.
• Complaint: To tell others that you are unhappy.
• Conflict: A fight between two or more people or groups.
• Connection: Things in common.
• Culture: A set of beliefs and customs.

D

• Damage: Harm that is done.
• Debate: To discuss different views.
• Delegate: A person who has power to speak for others.
• Democracy: The power to vote for what people believe

Understanding Earth's Shape and Planetary Motion

Evidence for Earth's Spherical Form

For centuries, humanity has sought to understand the true shape of our planet. Here's compelling evidence supporting Earth's near-spherical form:

• Lunar Eclipses: During a lunar eclipse, Earth's shadow cast upon the Moon consistently appears circular. This observation strongly suggests that Earth is either a sphere or a circular disc. The latter is highly improbable, as no traveler has ever found an "edge" to our world.
• Eratosthenes' Observations: The ancient Greek scholar Eratosthenes provided early evidence of Earth's curvature. His observations of the varying length of shadows cast by sticks in different locations at the same time of day demonstrated that Earth'

The ability of a firm to produce good performance depends on the strategy of an organization. The strategy of an organization, in turn, depends on the environment and culture of an organization. The environment is the sum name of all those factors and forces which not only surround an organization but also affect the way it works and its performance (external factors outside the organization and internal factors within the organization). Culture is the way an organization and its people work. Usually known as organizational culture, it includes:

• Values: Easy to identify, they are explicit, and used to be different from formal statements.
• Beliefs: Specific, discerned in how people talk about issues the organization faces.
• Behaviors: Day-to-day

PODCASTS

BALANCE SCORECARD

Restoration

New political movement

Restore the situation of previous monarchies (bring back absolutism)

Congress of Vienna 1815 managed to produce peaceful balance of powers among the empires after Napoleonic wars

Spread of revolutionary movements (weren't unable to stop them)

• Middle class influenced by ideals of democracy of F.R
• Industrial revolution brought economical+social changes
• Lower classes were influenced by socialist, communist and anarchist ideas.

Liberalism

Development of personal freedom and social progress

Consider democracy unhealthy because encouraged mass participation into politics

Changed the social order through the further extension of democracy

Liberals fought against oppression, arbitrariness things of power

Emphasized needs for free... Continue reading "Restoration, Liberalism, and Nationalism: Political Movements in the 19th Century" »

Organizational Structures

Decentralized Organizations

Flat Structure: Highly flexible, with close proximity to the director.

Multi-Local: Products are adapted to the specific needs of each market.

Transnational: The same product is offered in every market.

Centralized Organizations

Tall Structure: Characterized by control and rigidity.

Matrix Structure

Designed to avoid duplication and promote knowledge and experience sharing.

Federal Organizational Model

Authority flows from the periphery to the center.

Other Key Concepts

Innovation: Can be fostered by various organizational structures.

Standardization Skills: Crucial for professional organizations.

Divisional Structure: Products are marketed within the company.

Departments: Enhance efficiency.

Improved Hierarchy: