Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Social sciences

Increase in Agricultural Production

Amount of land, no technological advances

Intensified Commercial Activity

Surplus in products, travelled in search of new markets

Expansion of Craftsmanship

Workshops controlled by guild, domestic system, new products to Europe

Mercantile Capitalism

Economic growth of banking

• Nobility-clergy
• Bourgeoisie-peasants-laborers

Monarch had more resources so became powerful, they consolidate the authority control powerful of measures

Powerful Armies

Of mercenaries subdue nobles, prohibited armies alliance

Strengthened Bureaucracy

Officials control who supervise the kingdom's affairs

Centralized Power

Creating institutions to serve them

Establish a Court

For institutions function well

Humanism Philosophy

• A renewed interest in classical

Applied Linguistics

Applied Linguistics is an interdisciplinary field identifying, investigating, and offering solutions to real-life language problems. Related academic fields include: translation, language technology, computer-assisted language learning, second language acquisition, educational linguistics, critical discourse analysis, language policy, situated language practices, rhetoric, and terminology.

Branches of Applied Linguistics

Key branches include: Lexicography, Bilingualism and Multilingualism, Language Assessment, Second Language Acquisition, Discourse Analysis, Contrastive Linguistics, Translation, Conversation Analysis, Pragmatics, Language Pedagogy, Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC), Language Planning and Policies, and Literacies.... Continue reading "Applied Linguistics: Principles, Scope, and Global English Impact" »

Plan Pidal: A Landmark in Spanish Education

The Plan Pidal, enacted in 1857, marked a significant turning point in Spanish education. It introduced sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing and centralizing the education system.

Key Provisions of the Plan Pidal

• Secularization: The plan removed the influence of the Church from public education, ensuring freedom of teaching and learning.
• Centralization: It established a centralized administrative system, with the state overseeing all aspects of education.
• Improved Teacher Conditions: Teachers received better salaries and working conditions, and were required to pass state exams to qualify.
• Private Education: Private education was permitted at the secondary level, but not at the university level.

The Quintana

Managerial Grid

The treatment of task orientation and people orientation as two independent dimensions was a major step in leadership studies. Many of the leadership studies conducted in the 1950s at the University of Michigan and the Ohio State University focused on these two dimensions.

Five resulting leadership styles are as follows:

1.Impoverished Management: Managers with this approach are low on both the dimensions and exercise minimum effort to get the work done from subordinates. The leader has low concern for employee satisfaction and work deadlines, resulting in disharmony and disorganization within the organization.

2.Task Management: Also called dictatorial or perish style. Here leaders are more concerned about production and have less... Continue reading "Understanding Managerial Grid Model and Leadership Styles" »

The level at which communication is achieved is the text. This approach is based on Karl Bühler's three functions of language:

• The informative function
• The expressive function
• The appellative function

Katharina Reiss related different texts according to different functions and then identified three text types:

• Informative-logical/content focused
• Expressive-aesthetic/form focused
• Operative-dialogic/appellative focused
• Audiomedia (later)

In each text type, a different function will predominate. Once we know where the text we are dealing with is placed, we can better understand its purpose and structure.

Problems

Contributions

The Philosophy of Science

1. Historical Conceptions of Science

Up until the Middle Ages, Aristotelian science was predominant. It stated that:

• There is no difference between science and philosophy
• Science involves finding explanations for things that we admire
• Science is the knowledge of essences
• It endeavors to find out the primary causes of all that is real

Modern science, which began with Copernicus and was furthered by Galileo, uses experimentation as a means for proof.

There are three fundamental consequences of understanding science in this way:

• A distinction is made between the experimental sciences and rational knowledge
• Science is only concerned with quantifiable properties
• Teleological explanations are rejected

2. Science: Elements and Classification

Scientific

India's Role in the UN Security Council

Peace, Prosperity, and Regional Economic Organizations

It is true that the peace and prosperity of countries lie in the establishment and strengthening of regional economic organizations. This statement is exemplified by the ASEAN Regional Forum and the European Union. The ASEAN Regional Forum is based on the notion of not escalating territorial disputes into armed confrontation.

• The ASEAN is rapidly growing into a very important regional organization. Its Vision 2020 has defined an outward-looking role in the international community. This builds on the existing ASEAN policy to encourage negotiations over conflicts in the region. Thus, ASEAN has mediated the end of the Cambodian conflicts, the East Timor

Question:

Authors often use symbols to convey meaning and produce an effect on the reader. Analyze these in Persepolis.

In literary works, authors use certain symbols to convey meaning and to produce an effect on the readers. In the graphic novel of Persepolis, the symbols that the author uses are based on the Islamic Revolution. These symbols have different forms of perceiving them, considering the expectations and way of life of Iranian children, which are unlike the children of the Western Union. Iranian children live in a country controlled by their government that prohibits simple pleasures and freedoms because this government prohibits Iranian families from controlling their own lives. Iranians live in a country that always demands obedience... Continue reading "Symbolism and Social Critique in Persepolis and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" »