Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

5.2. A diverse society

● Metalworking was a specialized task tat led to te appearance of artisans.
● Metal goods stimulated trade. Sailing and te invention of te weel made it easier
to transport goods over long distances.
● Some social groups started to accumulate wealt and power.
● Warriors emerged to defend te territory, livestock and possessions, under leaders
wo ruled over communities or tribes.

6.1.Wat are megalits?

● Megalits are monuments made out of big stones. Most of tem began appearing in
Europe in te 5t miyennium BC.
● To build tese monuments, uman communities ad to be sociayy coesive, ave a
big level of organization, and an understanding of construction texniques.
● Megalits probably ad a ceremonial function, associated wit religious... Continue reading "Invention by experience" »

Understanding the Process of Decolonization

Decolonization refers to the often long, tortuous, and violent process by which colonies achieve their national aspirations for political independence from the colonial metropolitan power. Decolonization can be understood as the final phase of colonialism.

The Historical Waves of Independence

The first wave of decolonization came in 1776 when British North American colonies declared independence. While Britain maintained its Caribbean and Canadian territories, the Napoleonic upheavals in Europe so weakened Spain and Portugal that regions from Mexico to Chile expelled their imperial masters. By 1825, the Spanish and Portuguese empires were dead.

Decolonization Between 1825 and World War II

In the subsequent... Continue reading "The Global History and Impact of Decolonization" »

1  Two events mark the beginning and the end of baroque music: the premiere of the
opera“Orpheus” by Claudio Monteverdi (1607) and the death of Johann Sebastian Bach
(1750).

2  The basso continuo is a technique of composition of the Baroque period. By using
this technique, the composer creates the bass voice that constitutes the harmonic support
of the work. This bass voice is mainly formed by a series of chords of which the composer
only writes the lowest note.

3  At the end of the 16th century a group of intellectuals and humanists constituted a
cultural gathering in the city of Florence known as the Camerata Florentina. In these
meetings, there was a long and tended talk about issues related to art, literature and
music. Some of the members... Continue reading "Baroque Music: From Monteverdi to Bach and the Birth of Opera" »

The 18th Century: The Age of Enlightenment

The 18th century is known as the century of the Enlightenment, which is an intellectual movement that strives to achieve a more educated society based on reason and progress. This movement started in France and spread to other European countries. The thinking that dominates in this period is rationalism. On the basis of reason, intellectuals questioned many of the social, philosophical, and religious approaches that had been in force in Europe for centuries.

Music in the Classical Period

• At this time, public concerts became generalized throughout Europe, allowing musicians to compose independently of a patron or an institution.
• Classicism tries to produce less complex, clearer, and more accessible music.

VOCABULARY: CITY LIFE

Slum (Barrio Bajo)

Urban street or district inhabited by very poor people.

Low-Income (De Bajos Ingresos)

Of or belonging to people who earn low wages.

Juvenile Delinquency (Delincuencia Juvenil)

Criminal acts or offenses by a young person.

Homeless (Sin Hogar)

Person who doesn't have a place to live and sleep.

Gangs (Pandillas)

An organized group of criminals.

Crime Rate (Tasa de Criminalidad)

Number of crimes that are committed during a period of time in a particular place.

Residential Area (Area Residencial)

Is a land used in which housing predominates, as opposed to industrial and commercial areas.

Suburbs (Afuera)

An outlying district of a city, especially a residential one.

Commute (Viajar a Diario)

Travel some distance between one'... Continue reading "Vocabulary for City Life and Social Interaction" »

Vladimir Lenin and the October Revolution

Lenin was the Bolshevik leader and the main inspirational figure of the October Revolution of 1917. In 1897, he was imprisoned and deported to Siberia for his activities against the tsarist autocracy. After being released in 1900, he went into exile in Switzerland. Following the victory of the February Revolution, he returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks' seizure of power. He ruled the USSR until his death in 1924.

The Fall of the Tsarist Regime

The fall of the tsarist regime occurred due to the military disaster of Russia in the Great War and because of the misery and famine that most of the population suffered.

The Provisional Government and Social Unrest

The Tsar's regime was replaced by a republic... Continue reading "Vladimir Lenin and the Russian Revolution History" »

What are we made of?

Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, Water.

Metabolism:

All chemical reactions that take place inside the body.

Carbohydrates:

Include sugars and starches. Contain three types of atoms: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen.

Sugars: The simplest kind of carbohydrates are the simple sugars or monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose. If two monosaccharides join, a disaccharide is formed.

Polysaccharides:
If many simple sugars join together, a molecule called a polysaccharide is made. (Starch and glycogen are polysaccharides.)

Carbohydrates Functions:
Energy: Energy is released by respiration. The carbohydrate used in respiration is usually glucose.
Transport: Animals transport glucose around the body, plants transport sucrose.
Storage: Plants store... Continue reading "Understanding Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins, and Enzymes" »

FUNGI KINGDOM

Cellular Organization:

Unicellular or multicellular, the cells are eukaryotic, they have no tissues.

Size and Shape:

Unicellular fungi, like yeast, are round or oval and microscopic in size.

Nutrition:

Heterotrophic, many are saprophytes, feeding on organic material from animals or plants.

Lifestyle:

They can be free-living symbionts or parasites.

Reproduction:

Unicellular asexual, multicellular asexual, or sexual.

PROTOCTIST KINGDOM PROTOZOA

Cellular Organization:

Unicellular, they have no tissues.

Size and Shape:

Oval, round, oblong, half-moon. All are microscopic.

Nutrition:

Heterotrophic, feeding on bacteria and algae.

Habitat and Lifestyle:

Most are free-living.

Reproduction:

They reproduce asexually by binary fission.

Movement:

They move by using... Continue reading "Characteristics of Fungi, Protozoa, Algae, and Monera Kingdoms" »

OBJECTIVES OF ADOLESCENCE 
    To develop emotional and cognitive abilities. Young humans have access to abstract thinking and reflexive knowledge. 
    To build a personal identity, integrating and accepting their body image, have expectations and future projects. This includes accepting puberty’s physical changes, redefining familiar relationships, achieve emotional independence and a sexual identity. 
    To acquire new social abilities (relations with other classmates and adults), an autonomous moral, new interpersonal relationships (couple relationships) and exercising a studying or working role. 

PSYCHOLOGICAL CHANGES:
   It reaffirms the Ego. Individuals take conscience of themselves and acquire more emotional control. This... Continue reading "Human performance " »