Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Hazard Symbols

Hazard symbols explain why a substance must be handled carefully.

Air Pollution from Burning Fossil Fuels

Complete combustion - the fuel reacts completely with oxygen, e.g.:

hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Incomplete combustion - the fuel only partly reacts with oxygen, e.g.:

hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon (soot)

Impurities in fossil fuels, such as sulfur, also react with oxygen when heated:

sulfur + oxygen → sulfur dioxide

At the very high temperatures in vehicle engines, nitrogen gas from the air reacts with oxygen:

nitrogen + oxygen → nitrogen oxides

Many products from burning fossil fuels are pollutants; they harm habitats and their organisms.

Acid Rain

Acid rain is rainwater... Continue reading "Combustion, Oxidation, and Environmental Impact" »

Fascist Aims and Early Aggression

1) In your notebook, answer the following questions:

• a) What was the aim of the fascist regimes in Italy and Germany?: Italy and Germany developed expansionist policies that aspired to expand their territorial boundaries.
• b) Which countries were invaded in the 1930s?: In the 1930s, Japan invaded China (Manchuria), and Germany invaded Ethiopia, Albania, and Poland.
• c) What alliances were formed in the second half of the 1930s?: The Pact of Steel, the Anti-Comintern Pact, and the Germany-Soviet Pact were formed.
• d) What territories did Hitler annex in the second half of the 1930s?: Many territories in Central and Eastern Europe.
• e) Which specific act of aggression began the Second World War?: The invasion of Poland

The Geosphere and Earth's Structure

Studying the Geosphere and Its Relief

Direct Study Methods

• Observing rocks on the surface
• Boring (drilling)
• Satellite photographs, radar, and sonar

Geosphere's Relief Features

The Geosphere's relief includes:

• Continents: Flat areas, mountain ranges, coastlines, cliffs, and beaches.
• Seabeds: Flat areas with small elevations, such as ridges and trenches.

Seismic Methods and Earth's Interior

The Seismic Method studies the variations in seismic wave speed as they travel through different materials within the geosphere.

Understanding Seismic Waves

Seismic waves are vibrations in the Earth that propagate in all directions. The more rigid the material they pass through, the faster they travel.

Types of Seismic Waves

• P-waves (Primary

Essential Employment and Career Terminology

• Application Form: A document used when applying for a job that includes personal information, job experience, and references.
• Administration: The management of a company.
• Agency: An organization or company that represents others.
• Architect: A person who designs buildings.
• Career: A chosen profession or occupation.
• Overtime: Time worked beyond regular hours.
• Pension: A sum of money paid to people on a regular basis after they retire.
• Salary: A fixed amount of money agreed upon annually, usually paid into a bank account monthly.
• Wage: A fixed amount of money usually paid weekly, often for work that does not require extensive qualifications.
• Job Vacancy: A job opening.
• Employed: People who currently have a job.

Mastering English Irregular Verbs

This comprehensive list provides essential irregular English verbs, their past simple and past participle forms, along with their Spanish translations. It is a crucial resource for English learners aiming to improve their fluency and grammatical accuracy.

• Arise, arose, arisen: surgir
• Be, was/were, been: ser
• Beat, beat, beaten: golpear
• Become, became, become: convertirse
• Begin, began, begun: empezar
• Bend, bent, bent: doblar
• Bite, bit, bitten: morder
• Bleed, bled, bled: sangrar
• Blow, blew, blown: soplar
• Break, broke, broken: romper
• Bring, brought: traer
• Build, built: construir
• Burn, burnt: quemar
• Burst: estallar
• Buy, bought: comprar
• Catch, caught: coger
• Choose, chose, chosen: elegir
• Come, came, come: venir
• Cost: costar
• Creep, crept:

Endocrine System Regulation

How is the endocrine system regulated? Endocrine gland activity is regulated by the brain. The brain manages the endocrine system through two glands: the hypothalamus and the pituitary glands. The hypothalamus directs, and the pituitary glands produce and secrete.

Neuron Structure and Classification

Neurons: These transmit messages (nerve impulses) and have a unique appearance.

• Cell body: This is where the nucleus is located; it contains most of the cytoplasm and organelles. It forms part of the grey matter.
• Dendrites: These are branched projections connected to other neurons that receive information from them.
• Axon: A long tail structure where information passes from here to the next neuron or cell. A group of axons is

Key Events Leading to World War II

• 1919: The Treaty of Versailles is signed.
• 1924: Hitler writes "Mein Kampf," outlining his plans.
• 1939: The Global Depression, triggered by the Wall Street crash, helps dictators rise to power.
• 1933: Hitler becomes Chancellor and begins to rebuild his army in secret.
• 1935: Abyssinia invasion: The League of Nations fails.
• 1936: The Rhineland is reoccupied.
• 1936-1939: The Spanish Civil War (Germany rehearses arms and aircraft).
• 1936: Rome-Berlin Axis: Hitler-Mussolini Alliance.
• 1938: Anschluss, the annexation of Austria into Germany.
• 1938: Munich Agreement (Hitler sought more power and territories).
• 1939: Nazis invade Czechoslovakia.
• 1939: The Nazi-Soviet Pact.
• 1939: Invasion of Poland.

World War II: Major Events

• 1939-9: Nazi

Renaissance

The foremost characteristic of the Renaissance is the rebirth of the classics (Greece and Rome).

If during the Middle Ages God was at the center of everything, now it is the contrary. Humans are at the center of everything (anthropocentrism).

Reasoning, not faith, is what guides life.

Art is seen as an end in itself (not something to please God) and its goal is to achieve the ideal form of beauty based on the harmony and proportions found in nature.

All artistic expressions found inspiration in old Rome. The only exception was music, which had to find its own style far from medieval music.

Melody

• It refers to the way notes are written horizontally on the score, how they are performed one after the other.

Harmony

• It refers to the way notes

Historical Context and Major Shifts

Pre-Revolutionary Russia

• Autocratic Government: The Tsar possessed unlimited power and authority before the revolution.
• Semi-Feudal Economy: Land ownership was concentrated among a wealthy minority, while the peasant majority worked the land.
• Social Unrest: Three-quarters of the population were peasants living in poverty and paying taxes. Factory workers endured low wages and long working days.

Bloody Sunday

A protest demanding improvements in working conditions and political reforms was brutally suppressed.

The Soviet Union (USSR)

• Political power was held by the Soviets.
• The Communist Party was the sole political party.
• The state controlled important economic sectors.
• It was established as a federal state.

New Economic

Present Simple, Past Simple, and Future with Will

Present Continuous and Past Continuous