Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Rhetorical Appeals in Julius Caesar

Brutus's Use of Rhetoric

Ethos: Establishing Credibility

Brutus spoke in prose, not blank verse. This was the everyday language of the common people. By speaking this way, Brutus effectively conveyed, “Hey, I’m one of you.”

He further established his credibility by stating, “Believe me for mine honor.” With this, Brutus asserted that the audience should trust and believe him due to his established reputation as an honorable person.

In essence, Brutus utilized Ethos in his speech to tell his audience, “Believe me...I’m a good guy, I’m one of you.”

Logos: Appealing to Logic

Brutus posed a rhetorical question: “Would you rather that Caesar be alive and you be slaves?” He used this to logically... Continue reading "Persuasive Speeches: Brutus and Antony in Julius Caesar" »

Social Security and Citizen Protection

Social Security is the protection that a society provides to all its citizens so that they can develop their personalities through education. It must guarantee that they can live a safe and healthy life through healthcare. It must also guarantee that a person can still receive money if they lose their job (income during unemployment) and receive financial support during periods of need, such as sickness or retirement.

Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security provided by the State (government) and international cooperation.

Types of Pensions and Benefits

• Disability pension: Provided when you have had an accident at work and can no longer work.
• Paternity/maternity pay: Provided when

Causes of World War I

The outbreak of the Great War was driven by militarism (the arms race) and the alliance system, consisting of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance. Nationalism fueled tensions, particularly between Germany and France, and Austria-Hungary and Serbia. Serbian expansionism, the rejection of the ultimatum, and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand were critical triggers. Austria-Hungary issued a harsh ultimatum with German support (the "blank cheque"), while Russia promoted Serbian Pan-Slavism, sought war against Germany, and mobilized its army. Germany faced tensions with France and the UK and eventually invaded Belgium. France sought revenge against Germany and was allied with Russia, while the UK defended Belgium... Continue reading "The Great War and the Rise of the Soviet Union" »

Blood: Functions and Composition

Blood is a type of connective tissue. It is a thick red liquid made up of specialized cells suspended in a watery solution of molecules and ions. Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to the cells and carries waste residues to where they can be eliminated. Besides that, it regulates body temperature, pH and water volume, transports hormones, and defends our body from infections or from excessive blood loss when we get wounded. Blood is the only liquid tissue in our body because the matrix in which blood cells are immersed is liquid. The liquid component of blood is called plasma and it represents about 55% of blood volume.

Plasma: Composition and Role

Plasma is a pale yellow liquid. About 90% of it is water. The... Continue reading "Human Blood: Composition, Functions, Cardiac Cycle & Edema" »

1921, hungary dictatrship by Horty. 1922, Italy by Mussolini. 1923,Spain by Primo de Rivera. 1926, poland by Pilsduki. 1929, Yugoslava by Alexander I. 1932, Portugal by Salazar. 1933, Germany by Hitler, Austria by Dollfus. 1936, Greece by Metaxas. 1939, Spain by Franco.

1931, Japan occupies Manchuria. 1933, Hitler cancellor. 1935, Italy invades ethipia. 1936, Rome-berlin axis, anti-commitern pact. 1938, Germany annexes autsria, munich conference. 1939, germany annexes czechoslovakia, nazi soviet pact.

1940 (MAY) germany occupies netherlands and belgium. (JUNE) germany occupies paris. (JULY) start battle britain. (OCT) italy invades greece. 1941 (JUNE) germany invades the ussr. (DEC) japan attack pearl harbour.

1942, battle of midway and el alemin.... Continue reading "Timeline of World War II: Rise of Dictatorships and Key Events" »

The Ozone Layer and UV Protection

Ozone is a form of oxygen. It is mainly found in the ozone layer. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation; only some of it reaches the Earth. This is good because ultraviolet radiation is harmful. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were destroying the ozone. The "hole" in the ozone layer isn't really a hole, but rather there is too little ozone.

Properties of Air and Atmospheric Pressure

Air is matter; it has mass and weight. Atmospheric pressure is the weight of the atmosphere on the Earth.

• Everything on Earth is subject to atmospheric pressure.
• We do not notice atmospheric pressure because we have adapted to it and it is equal in all directions.

Pressure is a quantity that can be measured.

Humidity and Water Vapour

Air contains... Continue reading "Understanding Earth's Atmosphere and Weather Patterns" »

Chemical Change vs. Phase Change

Chemical change: Produces new substances that didn't exist before.

Phase change: The substance remains the same before and after the process.

Dissolving: It is only a homogeneous mixture; no new substances appear.

Identifying Chemical Changes

How do we know if a chemical change is occurring?

• Gas release: Gases may not be visible; we identify them by bubbles in a liquid.
• Color change
• Thermal energy change
• Energy release as light

Understanding Chemical Reactions

A chemical reaction occurs when the starting substances, called reactants, transform into other new substances, called products.

The appearance of new substances is due to the rearrangement of the reactant's atoms, forming the products. The information about a chemical... Continue reading "Chemical Reactions and Their Impact on Industry" »

Adjusting Events

The following events require adjustments in financial statements:

• Settlement of a court case
• Asset impairments (asset not well accounted for)
• Determination of costs of assets purchased or sold before the reporting period
• Determination of profit or bonus payment
• Fraud or errors

Non-Adjusting Events

The following events do not require adjustments in financial statements:

• Major business combinations or disposal of a subsidiary (sell of a subsidiary)
• Plan to discontinue operations
• Purchases of assets or expropriation by government
• Destruction of a plant (by a fire, earthquake…)
• Restructuring
• Ordinary shares transactions
• Changes in asset prices or foreign exchange rates after reporting period
• Changes in tax rates or tax law
• New commitments or

-Inquisition: An institution that pursued heretics and judaisers, forced both to submit to baptism or leave the country.

-Corregidores: People chosen by the king to control city government.

-Councils: A royal court made up of jurists to improve administration and undertake governance of specific territories.

-Chancillerías: Royal courts located in Valladolid and Granada. They established an efficient political economy and increased royal income.

-Santa Hermandad: The body which maintained social order in rural areas.

-Royal secretaries: Councils responsible for studying important matters and giving advice to the monarch.

-Viceroy: The representative of the monarch in each territory who had a range of powers including the summoning and overseeing... Continue reading "Spanish Institutions and Conquests: A Historical Overview" »

Key Events: Spring 1940

In Spring 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway to secure supplies of Swedish steel.

Blitzkrieg (Lightning War)

A rapid attack strategy designed to avoid the prolonged trench warfare experienced in WWI.

Early German Successes

• Germany conquered Paris in 1940, leading to France being divided into North and South zones. The South was governed by Vichy, led by Marshal Pétain.
• June 1940: Battle of Britain commenced.
• In 1941, German troops landed in Africa to drive the English out of Egypt and control the Suez Canal.
• April 1941: Germany, alongside Italy, invaded Yugoslavia, Albania, and Greece.
• June 1941: Hitler launched Operation Barbarossa, attacking the USSR.
• December 1941: Japan launched a surprise attack on the USA at Pearl