Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Reign of Fernando VII (1814-1833)

Key events upon his return include the Treaty of Valençay (1814) and the Decree of Valencia.

Absolutist Phase (1814-1820)

• Rejection of the Constitution of 1812 and restoration of the absolute monarchy.
• Persecution of liberals: Many were exiled to England.
• Opposition grew through secret societies like the Masons and military uprisings, such as the one led by Espoz y Mina.
• Absolutist legislation: The Inquisition was restored, church lands were no longer confiscated, and nobles regained their old privileges.
• Serious social and economic problems, combined with arbitrary acts, created widespread opposition.

Constitutional Liberal Triennium (1820-1823)

• Began with Riego's coup d'état in 1820, which forced the king to accept

Colonial Conquest of Africa

19th-century European industrialization created a need for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods in Africa. Economic motivation was important in colonization, as was politics, including nationalism in Europe. Competition between European nations (Britain, France, Germany) caused the colonization of Africa in just 25 years. Europeans viewed themselves as a more advanced civilization. They colonized in two ways: 1. treaties with African leaders 2. military force.

New Borders for Africa

Imposed by Europeans with no attention to existing political organizations, dividing friends and uniting enemies.

World War I (1914)

Causes

Assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Archduke triggered the outbreak of WWI.

Alliances

Agreements...

Timeline of the European Union

• 1950: The Schuman Declaration proposed the establishment of a European Coal and Steel Community.
• 1957: Six countries decided to build a European Economic Community.
• 1968: Common policies were put in place.
• 1973: Membership expanded from six to nine.
• 1975: The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) was established.
• 1979: A decisive step forward was taken (likely referring to the first direct elections to the European Parliament).
• 1981: Greece joined the Community.
• 1985: Hope sprang again for further integration.
• 1986: Spain and Portugal joined. The Single European Act was signed.
• 1987: The Single European Act came into force.
• 1990: German unification.
• 1991: The Soviet Union ceased to exist. The Maastricht Treaty was signed.

The structure organizing the work within a company directly impacts the perception that a worker can have of their working conditions and professional achievements. A highly vertical organizational structure with a long chain of command and control sections does not work well in the short term for teams. In contrast, horizontal structures best facilitate teamwork. The organizational structure influences the number of rules, procedures, paperwork, and other limitations that are encountered by workers in developing their work. There are six key elements considered in the organizational structure of an enterprise:

• Work specialization
• Bureaucracy
• Departmentalization
• Chain of command
• Centralization and decentralization
• Formalization

Entrepreneur Motivation

It...

Basic Handball Rules

Franco Shock occurs mainly in:

1. Illegal entry and exit
2. Illegal kick
3. Playing 3-ball fouls
4. Playing the ball voluntarily off the field
5. Misbehavior
6. Faults in the area
7. Voluntarily returning the ball to your area
8. Fouls on the goalkeeper
9. Illegal corner throw, etc.

Penalty occurs in these cases:

• Aggressive play in the field illegally preventing a clear scoring chance
• A player enters his area to clear the danger
• Voluntarily sending the ball to his goalkeeper who is in the area
• When a goalkeeper takes the ball to your area
• Faulty substitution of goalkeeper

Technical Handball Background

Displacement: These are the changes of place that a player makes. A player can keep the ball for only three seconds without bouncing it, although they may retain it...

Characteristics of Human Rights

Human rights are the most basic moral requirements that must be met to show due respect for the dignity of persons. If not met, a just society cannot be built.

• Universal: Recognizing all human beings without excluding anyone. Every human being must be treated as an equal.
• Preferred: Human rights take precedence and should be protected as a priority, such as the right to life and health.
• Inalienable: You cannot lose them; they do not expire or prescribe. They are valid for everyone at all times. For example, freedom of expression must be matched with the right to privacy and reputation.
• Non-transferable: They cannot be assigned or transferred to others, such as the right to vote.
• Indivisible, interdependent, non-negotiable:

Understanding the Basics

When converting direct speech to indirect speech (also known as reported speech), several changes typically occur in verb tenses, pronouns, and time expressions. The following tables provide a comprehensive look at these transformations.

Tense Changes

Pronoun and Adverb Changes

Newspapers: A Key Source of Information

A newspaper is a form of print media that informs the public about current events.

Features of a Newspaper

Newspapers are typically divided into sections. These sections include sports, entertainment, economy, opinion, and general information. The most important events are usually placed on the front page.

Newspaper Organization

Newspapers are generally organized with the front and back pages followed by national and international news.

Articles: Grammatical Components

An article is a type of word that precedes a noun, indicating whether it is specific or non-specific. Articles also denote the gender and number of the noun.

Article Classification

• Definite Articles: Used when the noun is known or specific.
• Neutral

Understanding Argumentative Texts

The Op-Ed: A Personal Viewpoint

An op-ed is an argumentative essay where an author presents their personal view on a specific topic.

Characteristics of an Op-Ed

• Author: The article reflects the opinion of an expert on the subject. Authors often collaborate with the newspaper and are not bound by the publication's ideological line.
• Theme: The possibilities for themes are broad. An op-ed can address any matter considered of public interest.
• Purpose: The author's intention is to show the public their position on a particular topic.
• Information Sequencing: Information should be orderly and coherent.
• Language Type: The style used depends on the author's purpose.
• Stylistic Resources: Irony is often emphasized, as authors

Human Rights: Basic Requirements

Universal

These are basic requirements for anyone who wants to be recognized as such. These requirements state that every person deserves the highest respect and consideration. Therefore, you should recognize all human beings without exception. Every human being must be treated as such, as someone who has the same dignity as others. Universality is the requirement. Please refresh, although echoed in many places, they are not recognized yet.

Preferential

That is, if they conflict with other rights, they have priority and must be protected as a priority. For example, the right to life and health are more important than other secondary rights.

Imprescriptible

That is, they do not expire or prescribe. If they have no...