Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Mastering the Verb "To Be"

Present Tense: "To Be"

• Affirmative: he/she/it is, you/we/they are
• Negative: he isn't, I'm not, you aren't
• Interrogative: Is he...?, Are you...?

Past Tense: "To Be"

• he was
• we were

Understanding "Have Got"

Present Tense: "Have Got"

• Affirmative: he has, you have
• Negative: he hasn't got, we haven't got
• Interrogative: Has he got...?, Have you got...?

Comparatives and Superlatives

Comparative Adjectives

• For adjectives with one or two syllables, add -er than.
  • Example: Óscar is stronger than Pepe.
• For adjectives with three or more syllables, use more than.
  • Example: The flower is more beautiful than the plant.

Superlative Adjectives

• For adjectives with one or two syllables, use the -est.
  • Example: the biggest building
• For adjectives with three

Saturated Solution

Contains the maximum amount of solute for a given quantity of solvent at a constant temperature and pressure.

Solubility

Is the amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of a solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution.

Unsaturated Solution

A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure.

Supersaturated Solution

Contains more solute than it can theoretically hold at a given temperature.

Miscible

Forming a homogeneous mixture when added together.

Immiscible

Liquids that are insoluble in one another.

Henry's Law

States that at a given temperature, the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of gas above the liquid....

Causes of Colonialism

Demography

• Population growth (Emigration; America, Africa, Australia).
• Economy

Economic

• Search for new markets: to get raw materials/to sell manufactured products.
• Thanks to the transport revolution (steam ships).

Politics

• Developed countries looked for dominance (expansionist policies).

The Berlin Conference

Before 1885, one powerful country could occupy new territory and simply say "this belongs to us now!".

After 1884, countries had to agree to the principle of "effective occupation". This meant that they had to administer the country, not just possess it. Africa was divided up mainly between Great Britain and France. This was supposed to reduce the possibilities of conflict over colonial territories. Holding the conference in...

Essential English Grammar Practice

Verb Tenses and Structures

This section focuses on various verb tenses and grammatical structures commonly used in English.

Past, Present, and Future

• Past: I began working here eight years ago.
• Present: I expect her to come any minute now.
• Future: I want him to come with me tonight.

Modals and Phrasal Verbs

• Modals: They advised us to take a taxi.
• Phrasal Verbs: I feel like going to an Indian restaurant.

Gerunds and Infinitives

• Gerunds: I love playing tennis, but I dislike watching it.
• Infinitives: I want her to marry that boy.

Common Expressions and Vocabulary

This section covers frequently used expressions and vocabulary to enhance your fluency.

Everyday Language

• Music is used to encourage shoppers to buy more.
• Children usually

Informal Email: Organizing Your Time

From: [email protected]
To: [email protected]
Subject: A Lot of Exams!

Hi Ana,

What's up? At this time of the year, there are a lot of exams, and all the students are stressed. But this year, I don't have to study because I've finished my degree, so I can help you.

Some bits of advice include the need to organize your time by making a timetable with your exams and your free time to study. Moreover, although you've got a lot of exams, you should relax by doing other activities. In this way, you'll concentrate more and retain more information.

I also recommend studying at night because there is less noise, and usually, people don't bother you as much.

I hope this advice will help you and that you'll pass all your...

My Mother, Cecilia

My mom, Cecilia Perez, was born on November 14, 1974, in Mexico City, Mexico. Her parents are Consuelo Ceballos and Ramon Perez. She has an older sister who is one year older than her.

She attended primary and secondary school and then pursued a technical career in secretarial studies. Due to financial constraints, she started working at an early age. Before beginning her career, she diligently completed the necessary service. At the age of 20, she married my father, Rodolfo Lopez. They had a loving relationship, and at 22, she gave birth to her first child, me. Two years later, she had her second child, my brother, Brian.

She initially worked at a social club and then furthered her secretarial career by working for various...

The Birth of the Modern World

Tense International Relations

The late 19th and early 20th centuries were marked by tense international relations. Industrialized countries focused on large-scale production, fueled by colonization and a growing consumer society. This led to inequalities and economic crises, causing a decline in the influence of realism in international politics.

Political Tensions in Europe

While armed conflicts were avoided within Europe, there was a significant increase in the production of arms and military equipment. Germany's foreign policy under Bismarck focused on alliances with Austria, Russia, and Italy, leading to the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine. Wilhelm II's dismissal of Bismarck and subsequent expansionist policies...

The Conservative Period (1933-1936)

The Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA) won the elections and formed a government in coalition with Lerroux and his party, Partido Radical de Centro.

In 1934, members of the CEDA entered the government, and protests escalated into the October Revolution of 1934.

In Asturias, miners initiated a rebellion. The revolt was suppressed by the army, which deployed Moroccan troops led by Franco to control the situation.

In Barcelona, the autonomous government proclaimed a Catalan Republic separate from the Spanish Republic. The Statute of Autonomy was abolished, and the Generalitat was dissolved.

New elections were held in 1936. The Frente Popular (left-wing parties) won.

The Popular Front (February-

Sound Changes in Historical Linguistics

Assimilation

Assimilation occurs when a sound becomes more similar to an adjacent sound in voicing, manner, or place of articulation. The direction of assimilation can be:

• Regressive: For example, Old English wifman becomes wimman.
• Progressive: For example, Germanic *wulno becomes wullo and then Old English wull.

The extent of assimilation can be:

• Total: For example, Old English wifman.
• Partial: For example, Latin in + premiere becomes impremiere.

Assimilation can also be relative to the environment, such as:

• Immediate: For example, English attain.

Palatalization

Palatalization is a process in which a front vowel causes a sound to move forward or backward to become more palatal in articulation. For example:

• Old English

Verb Tenses Exercises

Past Perfect Tense

1. Last night I couldn't get in because I had forgotten my keys.
2. I was exhausted because I had studied too much.
3. When their mum came home last night, the children had eaten their dinner.
4. By the time we got to the cinema, the film had started, so we missed the beginning.
5. When we arrived in Ireland, the airline company had lost our luggage.
6. I saw Paris for the first time last night. I hadn't seen it before.
7. I thought I had met this girl before.

Future Simple, "Be Going To", Present Continuous, and Present Simple

1. Look at those black clouds. It is going to rain.
2. It's hot in here! I will open the windows.
3. I don't think I will go out tonight. I'm too tired.
4. What time does the film start?
5. My appointment with the doctor is tomorrow.