Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

What Was Chartism?

Chartism was the second stage of the labor movement. It consisted of participation in politics to improve workers' lives. Workers wrote a document called the People's Charter, which included some vindications such as:

• Male universal suffrage
• Yearly elections
• Secret ballots
• Wages for worker politicians

This movement happened between 1838 and 1848 but it failed as their vindications were not accepted and the protests became too radical. However, the revolutions of 1848 did not spread to the UK, as the government agreed to improve the working conditions of women and children.

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels were the first and main thinkers of socialism.

Class Struggle

Class struggle is the fight between a... Continue reading "A History of Labor Movements and Imperialism" »

Agricultural Revolution

The Agricultural Revolution was a series of profound changes in the primary sector during the 18th century. It encompassed technical advancements and alterations in rural land management (plots and buildings). The driving force was population growth, spurred by improved hygiene, better medicine, a decline in major epidemics, and fewer wars. After the abandonment of mercantilism, an increase in productivity became essential.

First Industrial Revolution

The First Industrial Revolution was characterized by a series of transformations resulting from the introduction of machines into workshops. This led to the emergence of new social classes and political institutions. It began in the 1760s in England and concluded around 1830.... Continue reading "Industrial Revolutions: Key Developments & Impacts" »

Essential English Irregular Verbs List

Infinitive | Past Simple | Past Participle | Spanish Meaning

• Be | Was, Were | Been | Ser, Estar
• Become | Became | Become | Convertirse en
• Begin | Began | Begun | Empezar
• Bite | Bit | Bitten | Morder
• Bleed | Bled | Bled | Sangrar
• Blow | Blew | Blown | Soplar
• Break | Broke | Broken | Romper
• Bring | Brought | Brought | Traer
• Build | Built | Built | Construir
• Burn | Burnt | Burnt | Quemar
• Buy | Bought | Bought | Comprar
• Can | Could | (N/A) | Poder (Modal)
• Catch | Caught | Caught | Coger
• Choose | Chose | Chosen | Elegir
• Come | Came | Come | Venir
• Cost | Cost | Cost | Costar, Valer
• Cut | Cut | Cut | Cortar
• Deal | Dealt | Dealt | Tratar
• Do | Did | Done | Hacer
• Draw | Drew | Drawn | Dibujar
• Dream | Dreamt | Dreamt | Soñar
• Drink | Drank

William Henry Gates III

William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955) is an American business magnate, software developer, investor, and philanthropist. He is best known as the co-founder of Microsoft Corporation.^[2][3] During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of chairman, chief executive officer (CEO), president, and chief software architect, while also being the largest individual shareholder until May 2014. He is one of the best-known entrepreneurs and pioneers of the microcomputer revolution of the 1970s and 1980s.

Born and raised in Seattle, Washington, Gates launched Microsoft with childhood friend Paul Allen in 1975 in Albuquerque, New Mexico; it went on to become the world's largest personal computer software company.... Continue reading "Bill Gates: Microsoft Co-Founder & Philanthropist" »

Enzymes: Proteins that Function as Biological Catalysts

At the beginning of the Early Modern Age, the authority of the Catholic Church was being challenged. People believed that the Catholic Church was failing to adapt to the times.

Humanism emphasized the value of human beings and promoted individual interpretation of the Bible. With the development of authoritarian monarchies, monarchs had more control over the Church, weakening the authority of the pope.

In addition, the selling and buying of indulgences was introduced. This meant that sins could be pardoned in exchange for money given to the Church. This practice was criticized by priests and humanists. There were many other harmful practices at the heart of the Church, so some people called for reforms:

Nutritional Needs

D(calciferol); it helps the calcification of our bones, it is present in milk and dairy products, fish liver oil. C(ascorbic acid), antioxidant and it keeps mucus normal and healthy, it is present in citrus fruits, strawberries, and vegetables.

Structural

The most important structural nutrients are proteins, although certain lipids, cell membranes, and certain salts such as the ones that form our skeleton.

Energy Needs

Our body needs energy to perform any physical activity. Energy nutrients (carbohydrates and fats) can be obtained from proteins, this process is possible due to cell respiration.

Different Caloric Values

One gram of fat 9 kcal, one gram of carbohydrates 3.75 kcal, one gram of protein 4 kcal.

Basal Metabolic Rate and

Early European Expeditions: Portugal & Castile

• The monarchs of the Kingdoms of Portugal and Castile began to finance exploratory voyages.
• The Kingdom of Portugal sought to reach India via an easterly route, sailing around the coast of Africa to the Indian Ocean.
• These efforts continued until Bartolomeu Dias discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487. Later, an expedition led by Vasco da Gama followed this route, reaching Calcutta, India, in 1498.
• The Kingdom of Castile attempted to reach India via a western route, crossing the Atlantic Ocean. An expedition led by Christopher Columbus discovered a new continent, America, on October 12, 1492.

Christopher Columbus and the Discovery of America

• Christopher Columbus was a sailor, likely from Genoa, who

Early Middle Ages

The Break-up of the Roman Empire

In AD 324, the emperor Constantine I founded the city of Constantinople on the site of Ancient Byzantium.

All people living beyond Roman borders were considered Barbarians.

• The Huns were nomadic animal herders who traveled across the Asian steppe. They attacked Germanic people.
• The Germanic peoples lived in the north and east of Europe. Many eastern tribes were nomadic. They were organized into tribes, each tribe had an assembly that elected a chieftain.

Romans built fortifications along the Rhine and Danube rivers.

Germanic tribes became a real threat in the 3rd century AD, when the Roman Empire suffered a serious economic and social crisis.

Some Germanic tribes carried out violent attacks on Roman... Continue reading "The Fall of the Roman Empire: Germanic Invasions and the Rise of New Kingdoms" »