Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Religion

Church

The Catholic Church soon realized that it needed to occupy a significant role in the feudal world.
Thus, clergymen came up with the Theory of the Three Estates (or the Three Orders), which divided the feudal society into:

• Bellatores (warriors): privileged noblemen and knights who defended the society by means of war.
• Oratores (prayers): privileged churchmen and churchwomen who prayed for the spiritual salvation of the world. They were the Pope, his bishops and millions of priests, monks and nuns.
• Laboratores (labouring people): non-privileged peasants who provided material sustenance to all three groups.

Pyramid

• King: top nobleman.
• High Nobility: dukes, marquises, counts.
• High Clergy: the Pope, his cardinals and bishops.
• Low Nobility: barons,

... Continue reading "Feudal Society: Three Estates and Pyramid Structure" »

Chapter 21: The Hermit's Solitude

They finally reached the hermit's cell. The hermit tells them that he had lived for fifteen years in solitude to avoid all evil. After a conversation about his experience, the hermit decides to return to Cairo with them.

Chapter 22: The Assembly of Learned Men

Sometimes Rasselas joined an assembly of learned men, where they shared their opinions and thoughts. There, Rasselas exposes his meeting with the hermit. One of them suggests that happiness can be found in life according to nature. Rasselas is interested in his explanation and asks him to explain what he has quoted; however, he cannot explain to Rasselas how to live in accordance with nature.

Chapter 23: Dividing the Search

Rasselas and his sister, Nekayah,... Continue reading "Rasselas's Pursuit of Happiness: A Journey Through Chapters 21-27" »

44. In this chapter they talk about the power of imagination and everyone talk about their dreams. Pekuah imagines herself as the queen of Abyssinia, the princess wants to be shepherdess  and the prince dreams of a perfect government. They decide to stop thinking about it because Imlac warns of the danger that some day those dreams may prevail over reality and reason.

45. They decide to return home and they meet an old man who shows his sadness at being alone because all his loved persons have died. The princess tries to cheer him up but responds that no praise can animate his soul because he cannot share that pride with their loved ones. Finally the old man abandons them and they are thinking about old age. On the other hand the princess and... Continue reading "Exploring Happiness: A Journey Through Rasselas" »

Hester Prynne: The Scarlet Letter and Public Shame

Hester Prynne, an adulteress, is released from prison. She is led to the gallows, where she must endure public shame for having committed adultery. Hester is required to wear the letter 'A' on her dress at all times. She has sewn a large scarlet 'A', giving the letter an air of elegance and defiance. Hester takes Pearl, her daughter, with her. On the scaffolding, she is asked to reveal the name of Pearl's father, but she steadfastly refuses.

Roger Chillingworth's Vow of Revenge

In the crowd, Hester recognizes her long-lost Amsterdam husband, Roger Chillingworth. Despite the public humiliation, Hester protects Pearl's father from punishment by refusing to renounce his name. The arrival of Hester... Continue reading "The Scarlet Letter Plot Summary and Character Fates" »

Early Christian Beliefs and Art

The Life and Miracles of Jesus

According to tradition, Jesus of Nazareth lived 33 years, with his supposed birth considered year 0. Christian tradition holds that Jesus, the Son of God, came to Earth to save humanity from their sins. Many miracles are attributed to Jesus during his lifetime, including turning water into wine, walking on water, healing the sick, and rising from the dead. Even his birth is considered a miracle, as he was born from a virgin.

Early Christian Art and Symbols

The style in early Christian paintings was very similar to Roman art, but infused with Christian ideas. Christians used specific symbols to identify themselves and escape Roman persecutions. One prominent symbol was the fish, known... Continue reading "Early Christian Faith and Renaissance Artistic Revolutions" »

Biblical Divisions

The Pentateuch (The Law)

• Genesis
• Exodus
• Leviticus
• Numbers
• Deuteronomy

Wisdom Literature

• Job
• Psalms
• Proverbs
• Ecclesiastes
• Song of Songs (or Song of Solomon)

Major Prophets

• Isaiah
• Jeremiah
• Lamentations
• Ezekiel
• Daniel

Key Biblical Concepts

Prophecy

Foretelling the future through words.

Typology

Foretelling the future through things or events.

The Six C's of Biblical History

1. Creation
2. Covenant
3. Comeback
4. Christ
5. Church
6. Consummation

The Book of Genesis

Creation

The six days of creation:

1. Light
2. Sea & Sky
3. Dry Land & Plants
4. Sun, Stars, & Moon
5. Birds & Sea Creatures
6. Land Animals & Man

Image of God: Holiness

The Flood Narrative

• Duration: 40 days and 40 nights (rain) / 1 year and 1 day (total duration in the ark).
• Reason: God saw the great evil that existed on

... Continue reading "Essential Biblical History and Literature Summary" »

The Christian View: Forgiveness and Eternal Life

Christians assert that Jesus had to die so that humans could receive forgiveness for their sins and attain endless life. This is supported by scripture:

"For God so loved the world that he gave his one and only son, that whoever believes in him shall not perish but have eternal life" (John 3:16).

This indicates that by sacrificing himself on the cross, Jesus took the punishment for all our sins at once, offering us the chance for salvation. Only an all-loving God would make such a sacrifice for humanity.

Challenge: God's Omnipotence and Alternative Paths

However, some question this necessity, arguing that if God is omnipotent (all-powerful), He could have devised another method for providing salvation... Continue reading "Necessity of Jesus' Death in Christian Theology" »

They Live in You

Chorus

Ingonyama nengw' enamabala

Shenzi & Banzai

Night
And the spirit of life calling
Mamela
And a voice
With the fear of a child asking
Mamela

Wait
There's no mountain too great
Hear these words and have faith
Have faith

They live in you
They live in me
They're watching over
Everything we see

In every creature
In every star
In your reflection
They live in you

They live in you
They live in me
They're watching over
Everything we see

In every creature
In every star
In your reflection
They live in you

Chorus

Ingonyama nengw' enamabala

Key Concepts in Social Justice and Ethics

Foundational Terms

Hunger

Lacking access to the basic nutrition needed to live and work.

Sabbatical Year

In the Law of Israel, every seventh year was a year of rest during which no agricultural labor was done.

Jubilee Year

In the Law of Israel, every fiftieth year was a time of liberation from servitude and debt.

Prophets

From the Greek "one who speaks for others," these were God's messengers who rebuked Israel's idolatry and greed.

Understanding World Hunger

Four Contributing Factors to Global Hunger:

• Corruption: Government officials redirect resources meant for the populace.
• Foreign Loans: First World investors loan money at high interest rates, burdening developing nations.
• Land Degradation: Inefficient farming

... Continue reading "Defining Social Justice: Key Ethical Principles and Global Issues" »

1. The Written and Oral Torah

Which part of the Torah was always in a written form?

The Written Torah, תורה שבכתב

Which part of the Torah was not committed for public broadcast?

תורה שבעל פה - The Oral Torah

2. Pre-Mishnaic Transmission

What would the leading Torah authority write during each generation prior to the Mishna being organized?

He would make personal notes of the teachings he received from his master, which he then would teach orally to people.

3. Rebi and the Mishna

Who was “Rebi”?

רבי יהודה הנשיא - Rabbi Judah the Prince

What did “Rebi” collect and compose?

All the decisions, laws, interpretations, and explanations that had been heard from Moshe, or that the Sanhedrin innovated. From this material,... Continue reading "The Oral and Written Torah: A Comprehensive Guide" »