Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Psychology and Sociology

SET 3A) Like physical ailments there are various types of mental disorder. The list of these disorders ranges from minor anxiety to sever kinds of disorders such as schizophrenia. Diagnostic and Statistic Manual (DSM) of mental disorders. The Branch of Physiology which deals with these disorders is called abnormal psychology.

1. Disorders of Childhood: DSM-IV-TR deals with various kinds of childhood disorders usually first diagnosed during infancy, childhood, or adolescence. Some of them are attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD)where the child has problems in paying attention or is extremely over active and Autistic disorder are where the child is withdrawn, does not smile and has delayed language development.

2. Anxiety Disorders:If... Continue reading "Divided attention" »

The Impact of Sets on Human Perception

Definition of a Set

In psychology, a set refers to an expected outcome or frame of reference that influences our perception and behavior.

Sets and Perception

Sets can hinder our ability to detect errors in our own work. For example, if we expect to have written"hous" and it says"hose" we may not notice the misspelling and read it as the intended word.

Sets and Behavior

Sets can also affect our behavior. For instance, if a teacher expects a student to score poorly, they may treat or grade the student differently, leading to lower grades.

Sets and Problem Solving

Sets can influence our problem-solving abilities. If we expect a math problem to be solved in a certain way, we may not consider alternative formulas that... Continue reading "The Impact of Sets on Human Perception, Behavior, and Health" »

The discrimination refers to behaviors directed against another group. For example: Gender discrimination puts women at a disadvantage compared to men in various social situations. In the business market, women receive lower wages than men, for performing the same tasks and having the same qualifications, experience, and training. Women still do most of the housework and it is they who take care of the children and the elderly, so they have little time to look for new job opportunities. And even if they achieve leadership positions, they have to fight more than men to see their work being recognized and valued. Gender discrimination is only one of many forms of negative discrimination and constitutes a violation of human rights.

Organization

Organization is a consciously coordinated social unit, made up of a group of people who work together on common goals on a relatively continuous basis.

1. Individual Differences

People enter groups and organizations with certain characteristics that influence behavior. Perception, Values, Attitudes

2. Job Satisfaction

3. Motivation

4. Empowerment:

Means putting employees in charge of what they do – give them responsibility.

5. Behaving Ethically

Perception

(“the perceiver”) look at a target and attempt to interpret what you see: attitudes, personality, motives, interests, past experiences, and expectations

The target’s characteristics can affect what we perceive: Novelty, motion, sound, size, background, proximity.

The situation: The... Continue reading "Understanding Organization: Individual Differences, Job Satisfaction, Motivation, and More" »

Performance Appraisal Methods:

Traditional methods

-Rating/raking method: it is the oldest oneand the simplest method of appraisal, an employee is compared with all others

-Forced choice method: it contains a series of groups of statements positive and negative, and the rater rates how effectively a statement describes an employee

-Forced distribution method: the rater distributes employees on all points of the scale, based on opinion

-Critical incidents method: it is focused on appraising workers who can perform their jobs effectively in critical situations

-Grading method: it typically uses three categories: outstanding, satisfactory and unsatisfactory ; the employee is evaluated according to the grade that best describes his performance

-Paired... Continue reading "Cpc incidents" »

_{CONFLICT AND SOCIAL CHANGE}

_{SOCIALIZATION:}A process through which the individuals of a society or culture learn and internalize a combination of rules, values, and ways of perceiving reality. It gives individuals the capacities to develop themselves in the social interaction with other individuals.

SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM

steps:

• Externalization: the social order is a human product for two reasons:

- genesis: the past was constructed by people.

- existence: the current order can only exist if people exist who sustain it.

• Objectivation: process that turns products of human activity in something external of such activity. This process involves:

- Institutionalization: repetition of an action that becomes typical and, through generations, appears as being... Continue reading "Socialization and Social Change: Understanding the Process and Its Impact" »

Chapter 13: Psychopathology

Know what defines Normal vs abnormal

Several criteria have been used to distinguish between abnormal and normal behaviors. Sometimes one criterion will do and other times We rely on more than one

The most commonly used criteria fir distinguishing Between normal and abnormal behaviors are:

Statistical rarity: a common way to define abnormal behavior is to Determine how often the behavior occurs in the population. Thus a behavior that Is abnormal doesn’t occur very often. By itself, statistical rarity is not an Useful indicator to label what is abnormal.

Interference with normal functioning: behavior is said to be Dysfunctional when it interferes with a person’s ability to function on a daily Basis. Behavior that is... Continue reading "Zoofilia abnormal sexual behavior" »

Sexual Functioning and Dysfunction

Sexual functioning is a complex process involving biological, psychological, emotional, and social factors. Sexual dysfunction is characterized by a disturbance in the sexual response cycle desire, arousal, excitement, orgasm, and resolution or by pain with sexual intercourse. It is commonly associated with many diseases, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, and drugs, particularly blood pressure medications, anti-ulcer drugs, alcohol, sedative/hypnotics, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants. Depression itself can cause decreased libido, diminished erectile function, and decreased sexual activity. All antidepressants can have sexual side effects.

Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction

Reports... Continue reading "Understanding Antidepressant-Induced Sexual Dysfunction" »