Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Psychology and Sociology

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When the optical images forms in front of the retina; this results in

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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How are the following three classes of cues to depth different from one another?
o Oculomotor (convergence, accommodation)
o Binocular (binocular disparity)
o Monocular (know only occlusion, relative height, atmospheric perspective, perspective convergence)o Oculomotor - Convergence - if eyes turn in a lot these are cues that the object is very close to you, vice versa if eyes don't turn in as much object is further from you. Accommodation - lens focusing on something that is very close to you 

o Binocular - binocular disparity - between images that are too high 

o Monocular - Know only:
 Occlusion - which is closer which is farther 
Relative height — how high something is in a picture, the higher the base of an object the farther away it seems
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How to Write a Position Paper: Tips and Fallacies to Avoid

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Position Paper: Writer's Stand on an Issue

Intro: Define issue & discuss background, provide general statement

Body: Provide sufficient evidence, provide counter arguments

Conclusion: Suggest course of action, state paper's superiority, end w/strong statement

  1. Choose issue, should be current & relevant
  2. Perform in-depth research on the issue
  3. Define unfamiliar terms
  4. Be aware of different opinions on the issue
  5. Reflect on your position & identify weaknesses
  6. Cite valid & reliable sources
  7. View issue from different perspectives
  8. Limit paper to two pages

Where to put counter arguments:

  • Part of intro, before proposing thesis
  • As a section/paragraph after the intro
  • As a section/paragraph before conclusion

Construct counter argument:

  • Develop thesis &
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Below a low level inversion visibility is often

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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***PARANOID SCHIZO:

Kurt Schneider Schzi First grade crtieria:
At least 5 of these allow you to expect schizophrenia:
● Sounding thoughts
● Opposing or discussing voices
● Commenting voices
● Impact delusions
● Thought reading phenomenon
● The phenomenon of openness of mind
● Clinical perception disorders


^^Diff Dx:

DeficiencyParkinsonDeliriumX(amphetamine)
-B12
-Folate
-Basal Ganglia problem
-fluctuates level of concioussness
-Altered sleep Wake Cycle
-(-) cognition
-No True Delusion
-Some Audtory hallucination



Schizoid Personality
Catatonic 
Schizo

-Auditory hallucination
-Personality Deterioration
-prominent Psychomotor

-Catatonic Stupor

-Catatonic Excitment
-Dx in adolescents/ young adults

-Affective charge Promenent

-unpredictable  & Inappropriate
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Amim psychology

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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Pavlov- classical conditioning

Watson- behaviorism

Skinner- neobehaviorism- Operating conditioning attempts to
account for most of human learning and behavior.
Aussubel- cognitivism- rote and meaningful learning- involves the mental storage of items having little or no association with existing cognitive structure.Involves a process of relating and anchoring new material to relevant established entities in cognitive structures.
Rogers- Humanistic Psychology- systematic forgetting
Piaget- contructivism
Vigotski- cognitivism- ZPD Zone of proximal development- what the Child can do with the help of the adult/teacher.
Bruner- cognitivism- instructional scaffolding-i s a Learning process designed to promote a deeper level of earning. It is the
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Understanding Mediated Communication and Culture: A Comprehensive Guide

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Chapter 3: Mediated Communication

What is Mediated Communication?

Mediated communication is the process of communicating with others through technological devices. These devices act as intermediaries, separating the sender and receiver of the message.

Mass Media vs. Social Media

Mass media refers to one-way communication channels where content creators send messages to large, anonymous audiences. Examples include television, radio, and newspapers.

Social media, on the other hand, facilitates two-way communication, allowing users to send and receive messages in real-time or across time intervals. This enables individuals to manage personal and professional relationships.

Synchronous vs. Asynchronous Communication

Synchronous communication involves... Continue reading "Understanding Mediated Communication and Culture: A Comprehensive Guide" »

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Understanding Survey Formats and Experimental Designs

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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Survey Formats

1) open ended

2) forced choice format

3) likert scale

4) semantic differential format

Open Ended Question
Advantage: detailed, rich info
Disadvantage: lot of diverse answers that are hard to measure

Forced Choice Format
Choose the best out of choices

Likert Scale
-disagree- agree

Semantic Differential Format
Numeric scale

Leading Question
Avoid words used in question that could lead someone to answer a specific way

Double Barreled Questions
Asking 2 questions in one

Negatively Worded Question
Confusing question

Question Order
Early statements could impact answers later in the survey

Experimental Design

-Select sample from population
-Assign participants to groups
-Control possible extraneous variables (ER)
-Gather/collect data

Principle of Parsimony (Occam'

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Purpose and content of

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IV.Behavior

Conflict Resolution Techniques

oProblem solving: Face-to-face meeting of the conflicting parties for the purpose of identifying the problem and resolving it through open discussion. 

oAvoidance: Withdrawal from or suppression of the conflict. 

oSmoothing: Playing down differences while emphasizing common interests between the conflicting parties. 

oAltering the human variable: Using behavioral change techniques such as human relations training to alter attitudes and behaviors that cause conflict. 

oAltering the structural variables: Changing the formal organization structure and the interaction patterns of conflicting parties through job redesign, transfers, creation of coordinating positions, and the like. 

Conflict-Stimulation

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Psychology: The Scientific Study of Behavior and the Mind

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Definition of Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and the mind. The word 'psychology' comes from the Greek words 'psyche', meaning soul or breath, and 'logos', meaning study.

What Psychologists Do

  • Clinical psychologists: Focus on diagnosing and treating psychological problems in clinics, hospitals, and private practice. Different from counseling psychologists who focus on prevention and specific adjustment issues.
  • Applied psychologists: Apply psychology to practical problems in the real world. Examples include school psychologists, industrial/organizational psychologists, human factors psychologists, and sports psychologists.
  • Research psychologists: Conduct experiments and work in universities, colleges, and research institutes.
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Factors Influencing Career Choice: Krumboltz, Parsons, Ginzburg, Holland, Gottfredson, Super, Tiedeman, Roe

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Krumboltz

What are the four main factors that influence career choice?

  • Genetic influences
  • Environmental Conditions and events
  • Learning experiences
  • Task approach skills

What was Krumboltz’s theory of career decision making and development based on?

  • Social Learning

Parsons

What is the purpose of Parson’s theory of occupational choice?

  • To match careers to the talents, skills and personality of a client.

What was the purpose of assessments in Parsons Theory?

  • Assessments need to be done in order to gather the client’s talents, skills, dislikes, likes and personality. Once this information is gathered it can be used to help identify jobs or careers in which the client would be a perfect fit for.

Ginzburg

List the sub stages in the tentative stage and explain... Continue reading "Factors Influencing Career Choice: Krumboltz, Parsons, Ginzburg, Holland, Gottfredson, Super, Tiedeman, Roe" »

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Understanding the Innermost Regions of the Brain and Its Functions

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Innermost Regions of the Brain

Innermost regions of the brain are responsible for the basic involuntary functions, while outer regions of the brain are conscious and high-order thinking. The outer layer responsible for these higher functions is called the cortex.

Brain Stem

Base of the brain, it is attached to the spinal cord. The brain stem controls our heartbeat.

Thalamus

Above the brain stem. It receives all the sensory information from our senses (except smell) and sends it to other parts of the brain to process the data.

Cerebellum

Behind the brain stem. It coordinates movement like walking and plays a role in non-verbal learning and memory.

Visual Cortex

Located in the back of the brain. It receives and processes visual information.

Frontal Lobe

General... Continue reading "Understanding the Innermost Regions of the Brain and Its Functions" »

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