Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Psychology and Sociology

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Affirmative Action in Law School Admissions: The Hopwood Case

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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Cheryl Hopwood did not come from an affluent family. Raised by a single mother, she worked her way through high school, community college, and California State University at Sacramento. She then moved to Texas and applied to the University of Texas Law School, the best law school in the state and one of the leading law schools in the country. Although Hopwood had compiled a grade point average of 3.8 and did reasonably well on the Law School Admission Test (scoring in the 83rd percentile), she was not admitted.
Hopwood, who is white, thought her rejection was unfair. Some of the applicants admitted instead of her were African American and Mexican American students who had lower college grades and test scores than she did. The school had an affirmative
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The school

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

Written at on English with a size of 1.57 KB.

B/C:

●Major Complex problems

●Unpredictable

●Abstract

Infancy and childhood

Adolescence

Adulthood

Later adulthood

●Early days Of life

●School

●Momentaneous Separations

●Acceptance By others

●Competition

●Body Changes “undefined status”

●“Conflicts Arise due to these contradiction.

●Decisions In adolescence impact adulthood.

Readjustment:

●Retirement

●Loss of Energy/ health

●Isolation/ Feelings of being useless.

Controlling stress:

  1. Exercise
  2. Relaxation
  3. Biofeedback
  4. Social support
  5. Drugs- including alcohol
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Affective Disorders and Personality Disorders in Psychiatry

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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Psychiatry: Affective Disorders

Systemic of Affective Disorder (Mood Disorders)

DefinitionDiagnostic Criteria

Depression Types:

  • Psychotic
  • Severe
  • Bipolar

Depression Diagnostic Criteria:

  • > 2 weeks
  • Depressed mood or apathy
  • Combination of 4: Weight loss, sleep disorder, agitation, retardation, fatigue, guilt

Dysthymia: Mild Depression

Dysthymia Diagnostic Criteria:

  • Definition: Chronic depressed mood but does not meet Major Depressive Disorder criteria
  • Depressed mood for most of the day for 2 years
  • Combination of 2+: Eating disorder/sleep disorder, fatigue/low self-esteem
  • In 2 years, the patient is never without a symptom

Cyclothymia: Mood disorder causes emotional rollercoaster (Highs and Lows)

Diagnostic Criteria:

  • Various hypomanic episodes that are interposed
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Leadership Paradigm Shift: Traits, Theories, and Models

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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      1. What is leadership? How has it shifted from the old to new paradigm. 

      An influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purpose. The changes are from stabilizer to change manager. From Controller to facilitator. The shift is that effective leaders share power instead of hoarding it. The focus moves toward employees and more empathy. 

      1. How does the trait approach to leadership differ from the behavior approach? Give an example of each.

      The Trait approach bases its approach on characteristics such as intelligence. The idea is that people are already born with these traits or not. The behavior approach focuses less on traits and more on behaviors that leaders engage in and are these

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Advantages of Focus Groups: Synergism, Snowballing, Stimulation, Security, Spontaneity, Speed, Depth Interview Techniques: Laddering, Hidden Issue Questioning, Symbolic Analysis

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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Advantages of Focus Groups

  • Synergism: When a group of people with similar interests discuss an issue together, they are likely to produce a richer insight, wider range of information, and innovative ideas than will individual responses obtained privately.
  • Snowballing: In a group discussion, one person’s comment often triggers a chain reaction from the other participants and generates more views.
  • Stimulation: Once the focus group discussion is underway, the general level of excitement over the topic increases, and a large number of respondents want to express their ideas and expose their feelings.
  • Security: Because of the homogeneity of composition, focus group participants have similar feelings. This enables them to feel comfortable and uninhibited
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Understanding Cognition, Language, and Creative Thinking

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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  • Cognition: All mental activities associated with thinking, remembering, and communicating. We use concepts (mental group of similar objects, events, ideas, people. Ex: chairs mean many items. Prototypes mental image or best example of a category. Easy method to sorting items into categories. Ex: robin/bird.
  • Strategies of Cognition: Algorithm (logical rule of procedure/step by step/guarantees a solution to a problem. Heuristic (simpler strategy/speedier than algorithm/more error-prone. Insight (not a strategy based, flash of inspiration, solves a problem.
  • Obstacles of Cognition: Confirmation Bias: Peter Wason, predisposes to verify/search information that supports our perceptions and ignore or contradictory evidence. Mental Set: Fixation, prevent
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The Importance of Patterns in Sociological Perspective

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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Importance of Patterns:

1. People within a society relate in patterned ways.

2. A group is more than the sum of the individuals within the group.

3. People within a group behave differently than they would outside the group.

4. Groups encourage their members to behave in similar ways, or patterns, and to value these ways.

Sociological Perspective:

1. Focuses on groups rather than individuals.

2. It focuses on people at a group level.

Sociological Imagination:

1. Ability of individuals to see the relationship between events.

2. Look at our own society as outsiders.

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Divided attention

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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Mental health Refer to Psychiatrist(prescribe medications for treating illness) Psychologist(research and administer diagnostic tests can't prescribe medications) Medical history( positive family history, depression, substance abuse) Physical exam(inconclusive, confusing, inconsistent, illogical) Depression feelings of grief or sadness Bipolar disorder reccurent cycles of depression& elation affect normal life Seasonal affective disorder occurs during season winter ADHD(decreased ability to sustain attention or impulses 4-12% more in males Rx: Ritalin, Adderall Phobias abnormal fear of specific object OCD recurrent thoughts that focus on irrational or unreasonble fear compulsion: repeated behaviors Subtypes body dysmorphic disorder
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Cultural Dimensions and Behavior: A Comparative Study

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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Examine the role of two cultural dimensions on behaviour

Info:

Cultural Dimensions: are traits that are characteristic to certain cultures. The theorist of the Cultural Dimensions theory, Geert Hofstede, conducted a massive study across 50 countries over 10 years to test his theory. At the conclusion of his study, Hofstede observed four dimensions.

  • Individualism-Collectivism - where the individual self is more important than societal connections
  • Masculinity-Femininity - “masculinity focuses on achievement, heroism, assertiveness, material rewards for success; femininity focuses on cooperation, modesty, caring for the weaker and for a good quality of life”
  • Power Distance - “the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept and
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Essential Qualities of Great Leadership and Conflict Management Skills

Classified in Psychology and Sociology

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Essential Qualities of Great Leadership

  • Sincere enthusiasm: true enthusiasm for a business (its products and its mission cannot be faked
  • Integrity: acknowledging mistakes, putting safety and quality first
  • Great Communication Skills: motivate, instruct, and discipline
  • Loyalty: reciprocal and in a position of service to team members
  • Decisiveness: make decisions and take risks
  • Managerial competence: not just being good at their jobs
  • Empowerment: have faith in ability to train and develop employees
  • Charisma: approachable, friendly, and caring for others

The Trap of the Charismatic Leader

Charisma only wins people's attention, but credibility is crucial. Use scientifically validated assessments instead of relying on intuition. Narcissists perform well in... Continue reading "Essential Qualities of Great Leadership and Conflict Management Skills" »

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