Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

Phillips 6/6

Obtain a group's ideas on a subject quickly. Understand group concerns. Survey group knowledge on a topic. Summarize, sort, and link ideas.

Whisperer

Review or consolidate previously supplied reports. Designate the topic at hand.

Seminary

Achieve findings and assess any type. Coordinate and actively participate. Cabinet: Concrete conclusions and immediate problem-solving. Make decisions based on facts. Organize groups. Oblige participants to research and document. Start studying a topic or delve into it. Designate a "president" of the table.

Risk

Reduce or eliminate collective fears or risks from certain situations. Guide the group to see the situation calmly.

Rumor

Demonstrate how information is distorted from particular interpretations.... Continue reading "Collaborative Techniques for Group Work" »

Understanding Human Perception

• Perception is an elementary form of psychic behavior, basic to the development of human personality. Perception is, therefore, not a simple mechanical reaction.
• The perception of man always expresses something of oneself (the same thing happens with sight or speech).

Subjectivity and Influences on Perception

• Perception depends not only on external stimuli but also on psycho-social circumstances. As the act of perception involves several subjective factors, the characteristics of perception also depend on social conditions.
• What we perceive is interpreted conceptually in logical or symbolic categories, or values. That is, between the perceived object and our perception, a system of thought emerges that, like a set of

Autism in Kindergarten: Communicating Concerns

Role of the Educator/Guardian

Communicating concerns about a child potentially on the autism spectrum requires great sensitivity. It is often better to initially discuss observations in terms of a communication or developmental difference rather than using specific diagnostic labels like PDD (Pervasive Developmental Disorder), especially before a formal diagnosis. School psychologists or other psychological care professionals can significantly assist the educator or guardian in communicating these observations to parents. The school should be prepared to provide access to a professional team that can support the child immediately.

Developing Educational Programs for Autism

Developing an educational... Continue reading "Autism in Kindergarten: Identification & Support" »

Sociology: Key Concepts and Social Dynamics

Sociology is the science that studies, describes, and analyzes the processes of life in society. Its object of study is human beings and their social relations within human societies.

Objectives of Sociology

• To acquire an overview of all topics related to this discipline.
• To facilitate the student's analysis of the social dimensions of education.
• Understanding of society.
• Familiarization of students with the method of sociological social processes.
• Knowledge of how social influences operate in the classroom.
• Formation of a critical attitude towards the social influences of education.

Key Sociological Concepts

The Family as an Institution: Area of identity, sexuality area, economic area, and ego-strengthening... Continue reading "Understanding Sociology: Key Concepts and Social Dynamics" »

Human Behavior: Understanding Our Responses

The environment affects us, moving us inwardly. We not only react with sadness and joy but also participate by responding in directly palpable ways. *Behavior* is the manner in which we react to observable reality.

Inherited vs. Learned Behavior: A Core Distinction

We define behavior as the observable reactions an individual has to a stimulus, whether internal or external.

What differentiates *behavior* is that these reactions can be observed, tested, and analyzed by anyone. For example, everyone can see when I cover my eyes with glasses, but no one can know what I think. This highlights the main difference between observable behavior and internal thought processes.

Instinctive Behavior: Innate Responses

Instinctive... Continue reading "Human Behavior: Instincts, Learning, and Adaptive Responses" »

Significat de Persona segons Ciceró

Ciceró defineix el terme "persona" de diverses maneres:

• La que es mostra als altres (màscara).
• El paper que es juga a la vida social (rol com a actor).
• El conjunt de qualitats personals que capaciten per a una tasca (qualitats psicològiques internes).
• El prestigi i la dignitat.

Caràcter

És el conjunt de preocupacions ètiques amb el desig de fer o deixar de fer coses sota regles establertes socialment. Per tant, és l'adherència de la persona als valors i costums de la societat en què viu.

Temperament

S'ha entès com l'herència biològica rebuda. Segons Millon, es descriu com: "El material biològic des del qual finalment emergeix la personalitat". La conjunció del temperament i el caràcter forma l'estructura... Continue reading "Conceptes Fonamentals de la Personalitat: Ciceró, Freud i Rogers" »

Motor Development

Physical and motor development is an ongoing process. Growth, along with the development and maturation of the central nervous system (CNS), results in improved coordination and body control. This motor development fuels psychomotor development, a cyclical process where motor and intellectual development are intertwined. During this stage, children acquire and refine various skills.

Intellectual Development

According to Piaget, this stage is marked by concrete operational thought. Children begin using symbols for mental operations, shifting from physical activities to mental ones. They develop a curiosity about the "why" behind things. Their skills in sorting, handling numbers, ordering, and classifying objects improve.

Fundamental

Selection: Choosing the Right Candidates

The selection phase aims to narrow down the pool of applicants and identify the most suitable candidates for the position. This is where the decision is made on who to hire.

Selection Criteria Requests

a) Background Check

This involves verifying the applicant's information through various documents, including:

• Personal information: Certificate of background, affiliation extract
• School Background: Studies Certificate, certificate of title, certificate of training
• Work History: Recommendations, AIA certificates issued
• Business Background: DICOM

b) Interview

The interview is a crucial step in the hiring process, where candidates are assessed in person. There are three main types of interviews:

• Structured interview:

Key Concepts in Developmental Psychology and Support

Sensorimotor Intelligence

A problem-solving ability where interventions in cognitive development should incorporate practical proposals from the recipient's motor development, as these two areas are intertwined during this period.

Direct Observation Methods

Observation occurring naturally in daily life.

Indirect Observation Techniques

Useful for observing processes when natural, daily observation is not feasible. This involves audio or video recordings, always with family consent.

Temporary Support

Support not always required, or short-term. The intensity can vary from high to low.

Limited Intermittent Support

Support that can be longer or shorter in duration, but is intermittent.

Extensive Support

Generally... Continue reading "Essential Concepts in Developmental Support" »

Unit 5: Personality and Socialization

Concept of Socialization

Socialization is the incorporation of a subject's culture, which exists insofar as it has been acquired by individuals in a group or society.

According to Rocher:

Socialization is the process whereby individuals learn and internalize socio-cultural factors from their environment throughout their lives. These factors integrate into the structure of their personality, influenced by social experiences and significant actors, leading to adaptation within their social environment.

Cases of Failed Socialization

A wild child, for example, is someone who enters human social life late, hindering the learning of basic behaviors and habits, despite the absence of birth defects. They often exhibit... Continue reading "Personality, Socialization, and Social Control" »