Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

10 대표강점을 활용한 삶 Part 1

★ Amy Wrzesniewski

• 생업: 삶을 이어나가기 위해
• 전문직: 미래를 위해
• 천직: 직업에 의미를 부여

★ Job Crafting (직무 공예)

1. Task crafting: 내가 하는 태스크(Task)를 적극적으로 찾아본다.
2. Relational crafting: 내가 이걸 하면서 다른 사람과 어떤 관계를 맺고 살아가는지 고민한다.
3. Cognitive crafting: 내가 하고 있는 일에 대해 내가 어떻게 인지하는지 바꾼다.

★ Job Crafting이 잘될 때의 특징

1. Satisfaction (만족도)
2. Commitment (몰입)
3. Attachment to the job (직무 애착)

향상된 점:

1. Happiness at work (직장에서의 행복)
2. Performance (성과)
3. Mobility to new roles (새로운 역할로의 이동성)

11 대표강점을

Describe various approaches to job design

Job design focuses on determining what tasks will be grouped together to form employee jobs. There are four general approaches to grouping work tasks: mechanistic, motivational, perceptual, and biological.

1. Mechanistic Approach:
   • Job design is viewed from the perspective of creating an efficient machine that transforms labor inputs into goods and services.
   • Industrial engineers often use analyses designed to find the work methods that take the least time, such as Time and Motion studies.
2. Motivational Approach:
   • The motivational approach is aimed at increasing employees' enjoyment of their work and thus increasing their effort.
   • Jobs are designed not simply to get work done as quickly as possible, but also to provide

Language and Culture: Chapter 20

Course Information

• Chapter: 20 - Language and Culture
• Subject: Language and Written Expression IV
• Student: Gabriela Rocio Soto Valic

Defining Culture

Culture refers to all the ideas and assumptions about the nature of things and people that we learn as members of social groups. We acquire these initially without conscious awareness. The particular language we learn through the process of cultural transmission provides a ready-made system for categorizing the world and our experiences.

Categories and External Reality

There is a fixed relationship between the set of words we learn and how external reality is organized. A category is a group with certain features in common, represented by vocabulary used to refer to concepts... Continue reading "Language and Culture: Linguistic Categories and Perception" »

It describes the interpersonal primary rewards (or threats) that are the most important to the brain. Knowing, understanding and making use of this model can help you develop language for experiences that otherwise sit in your subconscious brain, so that you can catch these experiences as they are happening. All elements in the SCARF model are important, but at any time if just one of them is disregarded a lot of miscommunication can result.

S is for Status

S is for Status: Status is our sense of worth; it is where we fit into the hierarchy and this can be both social as well as related to work. Status is a significant driver of behavior. If our sense of worth is threatened in any way, we are likely to react. Many everyday conversations become... Continue reading "SCARF Model: Social Threats and Rewards for the Brain" »

Review Questions & Answers

Unit 2

1. What information should be in a well-written job description?

• Job Title
• Brief summary
• Work activities
• Tools and equipment used
• Work context
• Work performance
• Compensation information
• Job Competencies (KSAOs)

2. What groups/people are most likely to conduct a job analysis?

• Internal Department
• Human resources
• Compensation
• Training
• Engineering
• Internal task force
• Supervisors
• Employees
• Consultants
• Interns/class projects

3. Briefly describe job analysis.

Job analysis is the systematic study of a job's tasks, duties, and responsibilities, and the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to perform the job. Job analysis is the starting point for many important personnel functions. A job analysis yields several products.

4. List and

In the late nineteenth-century Britain, girls were taught domesticity, while boys learned mathematics for work. Women's entry into higher education was very slow. The situation began to change in the 1960s and 1970s. Today the secondary school curriculum no longer distinguishes between boys and girls. However, there are various other points of entry for the development of gender differences in education.

Some History

Until recently, it was common for storybooks in primary schools to portray boys as showing initiative and independence, while girls, if they appeared at all, were more passive. Stories written for girls take the form in a domestic or school setting. Boys' adventure stories are more wide-ranging, having heroes who travel off to distant... Continue reading "Gender Inequality in Education: Past, Present, and Future" »

Defining Science

• A process of understanding phenomena through observation, generalization, and verification.
• Relies fundamentally on experiment and observation.

Understanding Scientific Claims

• Science makes **no claim** to have all the answers or to be right all the time.
• It claims that if we honestly, consistently, and vigorously pursue knowledge using scientific techniques, we will generate ever more accurate and consistent depictions and explanations of phenomena in our universe.

The Role of Bias in Observation

• Bias is a belief based on personal feelings.
• Observations can be biased by:
  • Existing knowledge or lack thereof.
  • Available technology.
  • Social trends and culture (*ethnocentrism* is a form of bias).

Science is Self-Correcting

• Science is not a perfect

Discuss potential effects of deprivation or trauma in childhood on later development

Healthy development is influenced by factors such as access to loving caregivers, adequate nutrition, sensory and cognitive stimulation, and linguistic input.

A child reared in a severely deprived setting will not experience such factors and this can affect the child’s development negatively.

Deprivation in childhood can be seen as living in a state of various forms of neglect to provide basic needs – physical, emotional, or social. Deprivation is often related to institutionalization, growing up in poverty, and parental problems (e.g. alcoholism or mental illness.

Trauma in childhood can be seen as experiencing a powerful shock (e.g. divorce, death of a parent,... Continue reading "Effects of Deprivation and Trauma on Child Development" »

Personality

Personality refers to the unique set of characteristics and features that define an individual and are evident in their interactions with others.

Temperament

A: Inherited genetic traits that influence the functioning of the nervous and endocrine systems.

B: Basic emotions and feelings that are consistently present in behavior.

C: Difficult to modify, but not impossible.

D: Examples: nervousness, activity level.

Character

A: Acquired traits developed throughout life.

B: Can be modified with effort and training.

C: Dependent on the individual and can be judged as right or wrong (morally).

D: Considered learned habits.

E: Examples: hard work, patience, understanding.

Personal Identity

The concept of oneself that evolves over time.

• Individual aspects
• Exterior

Dx Criteria of SPD

1. Changes in Personality and Societal Function

Individuals with Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD) exhibit significant changes in their personality that affect their ability to function in social and occupational settings.

2. Stereotypic Behavior

SPD is characterized by stereotypic behaviors that impact social and occupational functioning.

3. Stereotypic Features

Stereotypic features, such as unusual beliefs and behaviors, are prominent in SPD.

4. Distress

SPD can cause significant distress to individuals and those around them.

Antisocial & Emotional Symptoms & Differential Diagnosis

Personality Disorder (PD)

PD encompasses a range of mental health conditions characterized by inflexible and unhealthy personality traits.... Continue reading "Personality Disorders and Sexual Dysfunction" »