Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Psychology and Sociology

Motor Development

Physical and motor development is an ongoing process. Growth, along with the development and maturation of the central nervous system (CNS), results in improved coordination and body control. This motor development fuels psychomotor development, a cyclical process where motor and intellectual development are intertwined. During this stage, children acquire and refine various skills.

Intellectual Development

According to Piaget, this stage is marked by concrete operational thought. Children begin using symbols for mental operations, shifting from physical activities to mental ones. They develop a curiosity about the "why" behind things. Their skills in sorting, handling numbers, ordering, and classifying objects improve.

Fundamental

Selection: Choosing the Right Candidates

The selection phase aims to narrow down the pool of applicants and identify the most suitable candidates for the position. This is where the decision is made on who to hire.

Selection Criteria Requests

a) Background Check

This involves verifying the applicant's information through various documents, including:

• Personal information: Certificate of background, affiliation extract
• School Background: Studies Certificate, certificate of title, certificate of training
• Work History: Recommendations, AIA certificates issued
• Business Background: DICOM

b) Interview

The interview is a crucial step in the hiring process, where candidates are assessed in person. There are three main types of interviews:

• Structured interview:

Unit 5: Personality and Socialization

Concept of Socialization

Socialization is the incorporation of a subject's culture, which exists insofar as it has been acquired by individuals in a group or society.

According to Rocher:

Socialization is the process whereby individuals learn and internalize socio-cultural factors from their environment throughout their lives. These factors integrate into the structure of their personality, influenced by social experiences and significant actors, leading to adaptation within their social environment.

Cases of Failed Socialization

A wild child, for example, is someone who enters human social life late, hindering the learning of basic behaviors and habits, despite the absence of birth defects. They often exhibit... Continue reading "Personality, Socialization, and Social Control" »

f) Take into consideration the multiplicity of perspectives and actors that exist in the social space in which we intervene.
The challenge of community work is based on the plurality of points of view and try a form of intervention that seeks to recognize the explanations of the situations that perform the various subjects (the people, politicians and professionals).

g) Recognize the existence of diversity and plurality within the profession itself.
Subjects with ideological content (crime, drugs, immigration, poverty, etc..) Raise different positions and / or divergent in practice.

h) At present the concept of community development is being replaced by social development.
For social development, understand the processes of hatching and revitalization... Continue reading "Social Development and Community Work: Perspectives and Objectives" »

Concept of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse refers to the modification of behavior that conditions continued drug use. There are two main types:

• Psychological Dependence: This is characterized by an obsessive concern with obtaining and consuming drugs. Individuals experience pleasure in using drugs and anguish at the thought of not being able to obtain them. This creates a habit of taking drugs that is perceived as necessary for their well-being.
• Physical Dependence: This involves measurable and reproducible physiological changes that occur due to chronic exposure to a drug. These changes become apparent when drug use is abruptly stopped.

Several variables influence the initiation and continuation of drug dependence:

• Substance-Related Factors: Availability,

Mosston's Spectrum of Teaching Styles

The spectrum is a unified theory of teacher behavior and student learning, a complete structure for understanding the processes of teaching and learning. The structure of the spectrum comes from the premise: instruction is a decision-making chain. Each teaching act is the result of a previous decision.

1. Focus on Teaching Behavior: The spectrum focuses on what the teacher says and does with students. The teacher's behavior creates the learning environment and influences student responses.
2. Teaching Style vs. Personality: A teaching style is about the teacher's behavior in class, not personality or philosophy. Teachers can learn to use all teaching styles effectively. Mastering more styles makes a teacher more

1. Types of Emergencies

A. Crisis

A crisis involves frail and troubled circumstances, stemming from internal or external sources, that disrupt a system's balance and normalcy, leading to disorganization.

B. Accident

An accident affects a specific segment of the population, easily defined by a nominal variable (e.g., car occupants, event attendees, building tenants). The broader community remains unaffected, and response systems can act freely.

C. Disaster

A disaster indiscriminately affects everyone, disrupting daily life. Examples include a nuclear power plant leak, a toxic cloud, or widespread flooding. Institutional response systems may also be affected but can still potentially help.

D. Catastrophe

A catastrophe is an unexpected event affecting... Continue reading "Emergency and Disaster Management: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Effective People Management Strategies

We do not perceive all of reality, only a portion of it. Understanding this is crucial for effective people management.

Understanding Perception: The Ladder of Inference

The Ladder of Inference is a powerful model that helps us understand how we form beliefs and take action based on our perceptions. It illustrates how we move from observable data to conclusions, often without realizing the steps in between.

The Ladder of Inference Model

This model describes the mental process by which we climb from observable data to conclusions, often leading to misunderstandings.

• Observable Data & Experiences: The Foundation

  This is the bottom rung, representing the raw, objective facts and experiences available to us.

• Selected

Theories on the Mechanisms of Perception

Associationism Theory

Wundt: Isolated sensations are perceived and then associated with others to form a global perception of the object.

Gestalt Theory

Studies the way in which perception is organized. Given a stimulus, individuals react differently.

Functionalist Theory

James: Stresses the subjective aspects of all perception.

Cognitive Theory

Neisser: Emphasizes the structural activity of the subject based on past experience.

Gestalt Principles and Laws of Perception

A) Figure-Ground Principle

We perceive a figure against a background, often denying the other. Both the figure and the background can be reversible.

Contour Law: The figure stands out against the background, marked by a clear boundary.

B) Law of Prägnanz

Unit IV: Group Dynamics and Social Research

Understanding Discussion Groups

The discussion group technique is presented as a social research method and observational tool, often associated with intervention-oriented group practices. It aims to clarify the scope and significance of using groups as a tool to understand the symbolic dimensions of social reality and group practices themselves.

The Significance of Group Behavior

Groups are not merely categories or aggregates of individuals that can be assembled regardless of their intent or purposes. Instead, they are a set of individuals related by some common bond that makes them interdependent, such as friends or colleagues. Research conducted on groups based solely on sociodemographic categories... Continue reading "Group Dynamics in Social Research: Primary and Secondary Groups" »