Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball-and-socket type synovial joint that allows a wide range of motion in the upper limb. Here’s a breakdown of its key features:

🦴 Bones Involved

1. Humerus – the upper arm bone; its head forms the "ball."
2. Scapula (shoulder blade) – contains the glenoid cavity, which forms the "socket."
3. Clavicle (collarbone) – indirectly involved, connecting the shoulder to the axial skeleton via the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints.

🦾 Movements Allowed

Because it is a ball-and-socket joint, it allows:

• Flexion and Extension
• Abduction and Adduction
• Medial (internal) and Lateral (external) Rotation
• Circumduction (circular movement)

💪 Muscles Involved

Key muscles acting on the shoulder... Continue reading "Shoulder Joint Anatomy: Bones, Muscles, Movement, & Injuries" »

Crutches: Mobility, Types, and Safe Use

Crutches are mobility aids designed to help individuals walk when they cannot use one or both legs effectively. They transfer weight from the legs to the upper body, allowing a person with an injury, surgery, weakness, or disability in the lower extremities to move around safely and independently. Crutches are commonly prescribed after fractures, ligament injuries, joint replacements, or neurological conditions that impair balance or strength.

Purpose and Function of Crutches

The main function of crutches is to provide support, balance, and mobility. They relieve pressure from an injured leg or foot by shifting body weight to the arms and shoulders. Crutches also help maintain independence during recovery,... Continue reading "Mobility Aids and Rehabilitation: Crutches, Splints, PMR" »

Amputations are classified based on the specific level at which a limb is removed. This classification typically follows anatomical regions and varies depending on whether it involves the upper or lower limb. This document provides a detailed breakdown by anatomical region:

Upper Limb Amputation Levels

Partial Hand Amputations (Transphalangeal)

• Finger Amputation: Removal of one or more fingers at the distal, middle, or proximal phalanx level.
• Thumb Amputation: Particularly significant due to its importance in grip function.
• Metacarpal Amputation: Loss of part or all of the hand while preserving the wrist.

Wrist Disarticulation

• Wrist Disarticulation: Amputation through the wrist joint, preserving the forearm bones.

Below Elbow Amputation (Transradial)

Amputations are classified according to the anatomical level where the limb is removed. This classification is important for surgical planning, prosthetic fitting, rehabilitation, and functional outcomes.

Upper Limb Amputation Levels

Partial Hand Amputations

• Finger Amputation: Removal of one or more fingers.
• Ray Amputation: Removal of finger(s) including the metacarpal bone.
• Transmetacarpal Amputation: Amputation through the palm, across the metacarpals.

Wrist Disarticulation

The entire hand is removed at the wrist joint. This procedure preserves full forearm length but results in limited space for prosthetic fitting.

Forearm (Transradial) Amputation

Amputation performed through the radius and ulna. It is classified based on the percentage of forearm... Continue reading "Anatomical Classification of Limb Amputation Levels" »

English Future Tenses: Will, Going To, & Present Continuous

Using "Will"

Used for spontaneous decisions and predictions without evidence.

1. Predictions: "He will be a good doctor."
2. Instant Decisions: "I’ll buy some then."
3. Promises and Refusals: "I will help you, but I won’t lend you money."
4. Offers: "I’ll carry your bag."
5. Requests: "Shall we eat out today?"

Using "Be Going To"

Used for prior plans, intentions, or predictions based on evidence.

1. Predictions with Evidence: "Look at the clouds. It’s going to rain."
2. Decisions Made Before Speaking: "Are you going to watch the game tonight?"

Using the Present Continuous

Used for actions happening at the moment of speaking or for confirmed future plans and arrangements.

• "I’m flying to New York tomorrow.

My name is Oliver, and today I’m going to talk about something I am very passionate about: swimming, but more specifically, how to swim faster. If you swim competitively or just enjoy the sport, understanding the science and strategies behind speed can transform your performance.

Swimming fast isn’t just about physical strength. It’s about improving small details that, combined, create a powerful result. There are four strokes in swimming: freestyle, butterfly, backstroke, and breaststroke. Today we are going to focus on freestyle and we’ll explain four key elements in swimming: the start, the underwater phase, the turns, and the technique.

The Four Pillars of Freestyle Performance

1. The Start: Gaining the Initial Edge

The start is your... Continue reading "Competitive Swimming Secrets: Maximizing Freestyle Speed" »

Introduction to Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR)

Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PMR), also known as physiatry, is a medical specialty that focuses on diagnosing, treating, and managing physical impairments or disabilities caused by injuries, illnesses, or chronic conditions. The primary goal of PMR is to restore a patient's functional abilities, enhance their quality of life, and promote overall wellness. Unlike other medical fields that may concentrate on a specific body part or disease, PMR adopts a holistic approach, addressing the patient as a whole and using a combination of therapies to manage symptoms and improve mobility, strength, and endurance.

PMR specialists, known as physiatrists, are trained to treat a wide range... Continue reading "Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Core Concepts and Therapies" »

Pain Vocabulary

Intensity/Distress

Intensity = Intensidad * Distress = Angustia

• Mild = Leve * Excruciating = Insoportable
• Burning = Incendio * Sharp = Agudo
• Throbbing = Palpitante * Moderate = Moderado
• Constant = Constante * Unbearable = Inaguantable
• Intermittent = Disparo * Shooting = Tiroteo

Pain Levels

• No pain = Sin dolor
• Moderate pain = Dolor moderado
• Severe pain = Dolor severo
• Very severe pain = Dolor muy severo
• Unbearable pain = Dolor inaguantable

Other Symptoms

• Cough = Tos * Earache = Dolor de oído
• Headache = Dolor de cabeza
• Nauseous = Náuseas
• Skin rash = Erupción cutánea
• Sweaty = Sudoroso * Tired = Cansado
• Dizzy = Mareado * Fever = Fiebre
• Itchy = Picazón * Wheeze = Sibilancias
• Runny nose = Secreción nasal
• Sore throat = Dolor de garganta
• Stomachache =

Step 1: Identify Your Primary Use

• Daily Commute: Prioritize organization, laptop protection, and weather resistance.
• Outdoor Adventures: Focus on durability and higher weatherproofing.
• Travel: Look for modularity and spaciousness with weatherproof features.

Step 2: Match Fabric Types to Needs

Understanding Surgical Procedures

This document identifies different types of surgical procedures and their classifications.

Types of Surgical Procedures

Surgery can be classified as major or minor, based on factors such as the severity of the disease, affected body parts, the complexity of the operation, and expected recovery time.

Major Surgery

Major surgery involves procedures of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen. Recovery time can be lengthy and may involve a stay in intensive care or several days of hospitalization. These surgeries carry a greater risk of complications. In children, examples of major surgery include:

• Removal of brain tumors
• Repair of bone malformations of the skull and face
• Repair of congenital heart disease, organ transplantation,