Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

The shoulder joint, also known as the glenohumeral joint, is a ball-and-socket type synovial joint that allows a wide range of motion in the upper limb. Here’s a breakdown of its key features:

🦴 Bones Involved

1. Humerus – the upper arm bone; its head forms the "ball."
2. Scapula (shoulder blade) – contains the glenoid cavity, which forms the "socket."
3. Clavicle (collarbone) – indirectly involved, connecting the shoulder to the axial skeleton via the acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints.

🦾 Movements Allowed

Because it is a ball-and-socket joint, it allows:

• Flexion and Extension
• Abduction and Adduction
• Medial (internal) and Lateral (external) Rotation
• Circumduction (circular movement)

💪 Muscles Involved

Key muscles acting on the shoulder... Continue reading "Shoulder Joint Anatomy: Bones, Muscles, Movement, & Injuries" »

Crutches: Mobility, Types, and Safe Use

Crutches are mobility aids designed to help individuals walk when they cannot use one or both legs effectively. They transfer weight from the legs to the upper body, allowing a person with an injury, surgery, weakness, or disability in the lower extremities to move around safely and independently. Crutches are commonly prescribed after fractures, ligament injuries, joint replacements, or neurological conditions that impair balance or strength.

Purpose and Function of Crutches

The main function of crutches is to provide support, balance, and mobility. They relieve pressure from an injured leg or foot by shifting body weight to the arms and shoulders. Crutches also help maintain independence during recovery,... Continue reading "Mobility Aids and Rehabilitation: Crutches, Splints, PMR" »

Amputations are classified based on the specific level at which a limb is removed. This classification typically follows anatomical regions and varies depending on whether it involves the upper or lower limb. This document provides a detailed breakdown by anatomical region:

Upper Limb Amputation Levels

Partial Hand Amputations (Transphalangeal)

• Finger Amputation: Removal of one or more fingers at the distal, middle, or proximal phalanx level.
• Thumb Amputation: Particularly significant due to its importance in grip function.
• Metacarpal Amputation: Loss of part or all of the hand while preserving the wrist.

Wrist Disarticulation

• Wrist Disarticulation: Amputation through the wrist joint, preserving the forearm bones.

Below Elbow Amputation (Transradial)

Amputations are classified according to the anatomical level where the limb is removed. This classification is important for surgical planning, prosthetic fitting, rehabilitation, and functional outcomes.

Upper Limb Amputation Levels

Partial Hand Amputations

• Finger Amputation: Removal of one or more fingers.
• Ray Amputation: Removal of finger(s) including the metacarpal bone.
• Transmetacarpal Amputation: Amputation through the palm, across the metacarpals.

Wrist Disarticulation

The entire hand is removed at the wrist joint. This procedure preserves full forearm length but results in limited space for prosthetic fitting.

Forearm (Transradial) Amputation

Amputation performed through the radius and ulna. It is classified based on the percentage of forearm... Continue reading "Anatomical Classification of Limb Amputation Levels" »

My name is Oliver, and today I’m going to talk about something I am very passionate about: swimming, but more specifically, how to swim faster. If you swim competitively or just enjoy the sport, understanding the science and strategies behind speed can transform your performance.

Swimming fast isn’t just about physical strength. It’s about improving small details that, combined, create a powerful result. There are four strokes in swimming: freestyle, butterfly, backstroke, and breaststroke. Today we are going to focus on freestyle and we’ll explain four key elements in swimming: the start, the underwater phase, the turns, and the technique.

The Four Pillars of Freestyle Performance

1. The Start: Gaining the Initial Edge

The start is your... Continue reading "Competitive Swimming Secrets: Maximizing Freestyle Speed" »

Pain Vocabulary

Intensity/Distress

Intensity = Intensidad * Distress = Angustia

• Mild = Leve * Excruciating = Insoportable
• Burning = Incendio * Sharp = Agudo
• Throbbing = Palpitante * Moderate = Moderado
• Constant = Constante * Unbearable = Inaguantable
• Intermittent = Disparo * Shooting = Tiroteo

Pain Levels

• No pain = Sin dolor
• Moderate pain = Dolor moderado
• Severe pain = Dolor severo
• Very severe pain = Dolor muy severo
• Unbearable pain = Dolor inaguantable

Other Symptoms

• Cough = Tos * Earache = Dolor de oído
• Headache = Dolor de cabeza
• Nauseous = Náuseas
• Skin rash = Erupción cutánea
• Sweaty = Sudoroso * Tired = Cansado
• Dizzy = Mareado * Fever = Fiebre
• Itchy = Picazón * Wheeze = Sibilancias
• Runny nose = Secreción nasal
• Sore throat = Dolor de garganta
• Stomachache =

Understanding Surgical Procedures

This document identifies different types of surgical procedures and their classifications.

Types of Surgical Procedures

Surgery can be classified as major or minor, based on factors such as the severity of the disease, affected body parts, the complexity of the operation, and expected recovery time.

Major Surgery

Major surgery involves procedures of the head, neck, thorax, and abdomen. Recovery time can be lengthy and may involve a stay in intensive care or several days of hospitalization. These surgeries carry a greater risk of complications. In children, examples of major surgery include:

• Removal of brain tumors
• Repair of bone malformations of the skull and face
• Repair of congenital heart disease, organ transplantation,

Understanding Physical Endurance

The duration for which your muscles can work depends directly on your endurance. There are two primary types of endurance: Muscular and Cardiovascular (CV).

Muscular Endurance

Muscular endurance is the ability of your muscles to keep exerting force over a prolonged period.

• Muscle Fatigue: This occurs when your arms and legs begin to feel heavy or weak.
• Slow-Twitch Muscle Fibers: These fibers fatigue less quickly, making it easier to improve muscular endurance if you possess a high proportion of them.

Cardiovascular Endurance (CV)

CV endurance is intrinsically linked to the efficiency of your heart and lungs.

• As your muscles work harder, they require more oxygen, causing your breathing and heart rate to accelerate.
• The

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Strength Training: Specific Systems

Weightlifting

Weightlifting involves using barbells and dumbbells to develop maximum strength. It is performed at low speed and high intensity.

Isometric Training

Isometric training involves contracting a muscle against maximum resistance from a fixed object. It develops maximum strength and is ideal for recovering from injuries.

Bodybuilding

Bodybuilding consists of a series of exercises using dumbbells and weights, performed with fast repetitions at medium to high intensity. It develops dynamic strength and muscle coordination.

Plyometrics

Plyometrics involves linking the fall from a height with a subsequent jump in a vertical or horizontal direction. It improves explosiveness by starting with an eccentric contraction... Continue reading "Strength Training Guide: Types, FITT Principle & More" »