Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Philosophy and ethics

The Rise of Advanced Robotic Arms

This article discusses robotic arms developed by companies such as Amazon and FedEx, capable of picking and sorting objects with human-like dexterity.

For years, engineers have strived to replicate the human capacity to grip and manipulate objects using robots. However, recent advancements in artificial intelligence, camera technology, and engineering now enable robots to "see" and dynamically adjust their grip on objects of varying sizes and shapes.

Critics express concern that this technology will lead to significant job losses. Others, however, raise different concerns, including the potential for higher worker injury rates or the need for stricter human surveillance to ensure production targets are met.

According... Continue reading "Robotic Arms and AI: Shaping the Future of Work" »

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Learning from Mistakes: Popper and Kuhn

Science progresses not by proving theories right, but by recognizing when our understanding of reality is false. Scientists actively try to disprove their theories.

• Induction: If you observe that it rains every Thursday for four weeks, you might conclude that it always rains on Thursdays.
• Science aims to avoid the problem of induction.
• Scientists propose a hypothesis and then test it, seeking evidence that could falsify it. If falsified, the hypothesis is rejected.
• Kuhn: Argued that there are no objective facts waiting to be discovered. Progress occurs through "paradigm shifts," where existing frameworks of thought are overturned.

The Runaway Train and the Unwanted Fiddler

These thought experiments by Philippa... Continue reading "Key Philosophical Concepts: From Popper to Singer" »

Stages in Customer Service

A set of quick and flexible procedures is fundamental to avoid problems.

Usual stages are:

1. Ordering: Using a computer management tool to fill in data such as customer name and number code.
2. Information Request: This has improved tremendously in many companies.
3. Claim and/or Complaint Management: Nowadays, this is mainly done through contact centers, but the internet is rapidly growing.

When dealing with claims, consider:

• Who the claims should be addressed to.
• What data to send to the customer.
• Establish three levels of response: serious claims for superiors, and lower and middle-class claims to solve internally.
• General claims that do not require any actions.
• False or imaginary claims caused by misunderstandings should be addressed,

Metaphysics-the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space.

Epistemology-the theory of knowledge, especially with regard to its methods, validity, and scope.Distinguishes justified belief from opinion.

Ethics-The field of ethics (or moral philosophy) involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior.

Thales-known as the father of western philosophy, famous story about his having once fallen into a cistern because he was looking up at the heavens

Anaximander-believed that nature or the world came to be our of the struggle of fundamental oppositions(like hot and cold and light and dark) cyclid... Continue reading "Human relation theory was an improvement scientific management theory of organigation" »

Scientific Methods

Scientific methods provide frameworks for investigation and understanding.

Deductive Method

This method moves from general statements to particular statements. From general judgments or definitions (premises), individual conclusions are deduced that are the necessary consequence of the first. The consistency and validity of this method are unquestionable. The deductive method is characteristic of formal sciences, although in empirical sciences it is also used in the initial part of the investigation.

Inductive Method

The inductive method starts from the particular to formulate a general conclusion. Scientists, after observing that a property or event is repeated in many individual cases, conclude that such a property belongs to... Continue reading "Understanding Scientific Methods" »

1)Which is the key concept of Socratic ethics?

His ethics around truth and good, the notion of good is a political category, not merely on individual one. This means that the good is what suits the polis or city, not this or that particular citizen. However, Socrates is aware of the need to limit this concept in a context in which the disparity of interests and expections leads to contradictory views about it. This is the meaning of the pedagogical work that will develop throughout his life and culminate with his sacrifice in favour of the laws of Athens. (His death sentence)

1. Which is the difference between selfish good and political good?
2. The knowledge of good precedes it’s application in the practical and political sphere: once the good is

Problems of the Hypothetical-Deductive Method

Hypothesis Formulation

It seems reasonable to assert that in the formulation of hypotheses, some factors come into play that may seem unscientific or completely removed from scientific procedure. For example, imagination, luck, or chance. The inability to respond to this explanatory gap has caused some thinkers, such as Paul Feyerabend, to extend the influence of imagination to the entire scientific procedure.

Hypothesis Validation and Confirmation

Although the formulation of hypotheses assumes a certain amount of imagination and luck, to accept the suggested explanation, the hypotheses have to be checked with the highest scientific rigor. To solve this problem, Karl Popper proposed falsification as... Continue reading "Hypothetical-Deductive Method: Problems and Knowledge" »

Pre-Conventional Morality

The pre-conventional level of moral reasoning is especially common in children, although adults can also exhibit this level of reasoning. Reasoners at this level judge the morality of an action by its direct consequences. The pre-conventional level consists of the first and second stages of moral development and is solely concerned with the self in an egocentric manner. A child with pre-conventional morality has not yet adopted or internalized society's conventions regarding what is right or wrong but instead focuses largely on external consequences that certain actions may bring.^[7][8][9]

Stage One: Obedience and Punishment Driven

In Stage one (obedience and punishment driven), individuals focus on the direct consequences... Continue reading "Pre-Conventional Level of Moral Reasoning" »

Karl Popper's Falsificationism

The principal topic of this text from The Logic of Scientific Discovery is the vision that Popper has on science, according to his falsificationism method. First, the author argues that science is not certain knowledge and that it is not possible to reach the truth. Instead, we can only elaborate simple conjectures. He affirms that these scientific conjectures must be subjected to rigorous and systematic tests, not to verify them but to demonstrate that the conjectures are false. To conclude, Popper says that the purpose of science is not to reach absolute truth but to provide increasingly deep answers to new problems and to submit them to progressively more complex refutations.

The Doctrine of the Point of View

This