Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

College vs. University

College: Usually offers more narrow programs and may not have graduate studies at all. Some universities use the term "college" to highlight a specific school of study encompassed within its institution.

University: Denotes a school that offers full undergraduate and graduate programs. Universities often devote themselves to research and are more focused on a specific subject.

Key Differences Summarized

• College:
  • Size: Smaller campuses and fewer students.
  • Program Types: 2-year and 4-year degrees.
  • Degrees Awarded: Certificates, Associate, and Bachelor's.
  • Enrollment: Open to all students.
  • Cost: Usually less expensive.
• University:
  • Size: Larger campuses and more students.
  • Program Types: 4-year and usually graduate programs.
  • Degrees Awarded:

Chemical Hazard Analysis: Prevention and Mitigation

Bromine Exposure

Hazard: Bromine

Consequence: Bromine Exposure

Preventative Safeguards:

• Routine System Pressure tests
• SHE critical Procedures
• Kynar Lined piping/glass vessels
• Hose inspection/integrity
• Equipment Strategy
• Safety Critical Instrumentation
• Materials of construction

Mitigating Safeguards:

• Bromine Detectors
• Automated Trip systems
• Containment Sump
• Emergency Response
• PVC containment pipe

Situations Leading to Scenario:

• Hose failure during Bromine Unloading
• Leak from Bromine Facilities/piping
• Long term corrosion of pipe supports
• Liquid overfill

Isoprene Storage

Hazard: Isoprene Storage

Consequence: BLEVE (Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion)

Preventative Safeguards:

• Safety Critical drain procedure
• Over pressure/

Innovation

What is Innovation?

Something original that breaks into a new market or society.

• Improving efficiency, effectiveness, and advantage
• Making an impact in the market

Why Innovate?

• Due to mass production in countries like China, companies are shifting their vision. To compete, they need to innovate their products.
• Environmental friendliness

Today's Musts

1. Collaboration: Working with others
2. Diversity
3. Agile Thinking
4. Creativity
5. Technology
6. Sustainability
7. Customer-centricity
8. Risk-taking

Innovation Manager Tools

1. Communication
2. Team Building
3. Task Management: Teams, Skype
4. File Management: Rules for uploading files
5. Conception: Taking everyone into account

Innovation Tools

1. Job to Be Done: Innovating according to the client's needs
2. Expectations: Creating expectations about

UN Special Procedures: Guardians of Human Rights

UN Special Procedures are independent human rights experts who are appointed by the Human Rights Council to advise on human rights from either a thematic or country-specific perspective. This system is a key element in the United Nations' efforts to protect human rights globally. As Kofi Annan famously stated, UN Special Procedures are "the crown jewel of the system."

Independence and Role of Special Rapporteurs

• These experts report to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR).
• They maintain independence and impartiality, which helps them achieve their objective of better reporting on the reality of human rights in various programs.
• The experts are often referred

Facility Layout Strategies

• Office Layout: Focuses on the efficient transfer of information between departments and workstations.
• Shop Distribution: Aims to maximize net profit per square meter of shelf space.
• Warehouse Distribution: Seeks the optimal balance between material handling costs and storage space utilization.

Line Balancing and Task Assignment

• Task Assignment: Utilizes the rule of maximum successive tasks, prioritizing tasks with longer execution times for initial assignment, leaving shorter tasks for precise adjustments.
• Helgeson and Birnie Methodology: Tasks are selected based on the cumulative execution time of the task plus all subsequent tasks; the task with the highest total is prioritized.

Just-in-Time (JIT) Production

Objective:... Continue reading "Operations Management: Layout, JIT, and Theory of Constraints" »

Classifications of Marketing Research

1. Problem Identification Research

It is research undertaken to help identify problems which are not necessarily apparent on the surface and yet exist or are likely to arise in the future.

Examples: Market potential, market share, image, market characteristics, and sales analysis. For instance, declining market potential indicates that the firm is likely to have a problem achieving its growth targets.

2. Problem-Solving Research

Once a problem or opportunity is identified, problem-solving research is undertaken to arrive at a solution. The findings are used in decision-making that will solve specific marketing problems.

Examples: Segmentation, product, pricing, promotion, and distribution research.

Exploratory

What is Cost Accounting?

Cost accounting is a management information system that analyzes past, present, and future data to provide the basis for managerial action. It is concerned with providing information to assist with the following:

• Establishing inventory valuations, profits, and statement of financial position items
• Planning
• Control
• Decision making

Financial Accounting vs. Cost Accounting

Financial accounting is for external reporting, while cost accounting is for internal reporting. Financial accounts are prepared for individuals external to an organization, such as shareholders, customers, suppliers, and employees. Management accounts are prepared for the internal managers of an organization.

Key Terminology

Cost Objects

If the users of accounting... Continue reading "Cost Accounting Fundamentals: Definitions and Classifications" »

The Interdisciplinary Nature of Accounting

Accounting and Economics

Economics is the science that studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. When a person makes an economic decision, they primarily depend on accounting information. Micro-level data, arranged by the accounting system, is summed up to create a macro-level database. Accounting provides the basic data upon which economic models are developed. There exists a wide gulf between the economists' and accountants' concepts of income and capital. No doubt, accountants have derived the ideas of value, income, and capital maintenance from economists but have modified them to suit practical circumstances.

Accounting and Mathematics

A strong... Continue reading "Accounting's Relationship with Other Key Disciplines" »

Core Quality Management Definitions

• Quality: The set of properties or characteristics of a product or service that provide the aptitude to satisfy expressed or implicit needs.
• Quality Policy: The global intentions and orientation of an organization relating to quality, as formally expressed by top management.
• Quality Management: Coordinated activities to direct and control an organization with regard to quality.
• Quality Management System (QMS): A management system used to direct and control an organization with respect to quality.
• Quality Assurance: The part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled.
• Quality Control: The part of quality management focused on fulfilling quality requirements.
• Total