Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

There may be pressures, both from those involved and by the Administration, to get unbiased information quickly. This can cause problems such as calling for information at inopportune moments, conditioning the evaluator to provide information in a particular direction, or falsifying reality. This leads to a distorted view, where information is received from the appraiser in a partisan, arbitrary, and self-interested manner, solely to get information to places or persons of interest. All this can lead to an assessment where the assessor bureaucratically accepts the values of the authorities and provides information that will help them carry out their policy objectives. This also includes what McDonald called self-critical evaluation, in which...

Essential Definitions in EIA

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

The joint studies and technical analysis used to estimate the effects that the execution of a particular project may have on the environment.

Substantive Body

The body of the state public administration, state, or jurisdiction responsible for authorizing or approving projects that must undergo environmental impact assessment.

Environmental Body (Agency)

The body of the state or autonomous public administration responsible for the environmental impact assessment of projects. The Environment Ministry will typically act as the Environmental Agency for projects requiring approval by the general administration of the state.

Promoter (Developer)

Any natural or legal person, public or private,...

Strategic Planning Fundamentals

A clear vision is characterized by:

• A) Being coherent.
• B) Being shared with all staff.

The vision has two components:

• Purpose: Directed inwards to discover the organization's identity and current state.
• Mission: With a more external orientation, defining the company's form and future actions.

The Purpose represents the values and beliefs that contribute to permanent organizational setup and shape the character of the company.

The Mission provides general descriptions of the products the company wants to manufacture and market, and the needs it seeks to address, through the deployment of the resources it possesses or can acquire.

A Goal is an objective quantitative measure, expressed in absolute terms, guiding action....

Planning — Definition (George R. Terry)

George R. Terry: Planning is the selection and relationship of facts and the formulation and use of assumptions about the future for the display and development of proposed activities that are believed necessary to achieve the expected results.

Other Definitions

A systematic and consistent process for making decisions about goals and activities that an individual, group, unit or organization will undertake in the future. Administration: a new competitive landscape — Bateman & Snell.

• Effort with a goal
• By directors and managers control
• Knowledge and experience of employees
• Clear map for future activities
• Changing situations

Reasons Why Planning Is Important

• Fosters company development by establishing methods

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What Is Business Reengineering?

Reengineering represents a fresh start; it is an all-or-nothing change that reorganizes a company around its processes. It requires that fundamental business processes be observed from a cross-functional perspective, centered on customer satisfaction.

Key Concepts of Reengineering

• Radical Design: Changes must be fundamental, not superficial.
• Fundamental Inquiry: Reengineering asks why a process is performed in a specific way.
• Process Focus: Changes must focus exclusively on business processes.
• Dramatic Improvements: Expected results should be significant, not merely incremental.

Key Figures in Reengineering

Michael Hammer

Processes have been largely ignored, as managers have historically focused too closely on functional...

Business Strategy and Strategic Planning

Business Strategy is the path that ensures performance and survival. It covers the definition of objectives and the paths to achieve them. The strategy is the choice of ways to compete: where, how, when, and with whom to compete. It's the way to reach a goal, how to reach a desired situation.

Corporate Strategy

The corporate strategy is used to fully organize the company. This includes:

• Marketing Strategies
• Production Strategies
• HR Strategies
• Other Strategies

Strategic Planning Process

This is a sequential process of analysis and determination of different components:

1. Analysis of the current strategic situation of the company
2. Environmental analysis (threats and opportunities)
3. Internal analysis (strengths and weaknesses)

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Decision-Making in Organizations

Decision: Decision-making is the process of making a selection between two or more courses of action with different outcomes, in order to reach the optimal choice.

Types of Problems

• Structural: Related to organizational structure.
• Situational: These appear sporadically, outside of the usual operations.

Typologies

• Individual: Taken by a single person.
• Group: Taken by several people.

Le Moigne's Levels of Decision-Making

• Level 1: Decisions made by the upper hierarchical level of the company.
• Level 2: Reversible decisions, taken by middle management.
• Level 3: Decisions related to daily operations.

Traditional Decision-Making Approaches

• Programmable: Decisions taken on habitual matters.
• Non-Programmable: New decisions taken when

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1. Noise

Article 70. In occupational exposure to noise, a distinction is made between stable noise, fluctuating noise, and impulse noise.

Article 71. Steady noise is noise that has fluctuations in instantaneous sound pressure level less than or equal to 5 dB (A) slow, during an observation period of 1 minute.

Fluctuating noise is noise that presents fluctuations in instantaneous sound pressure level in excess of 5 dB (A) slow during an observation period of 1 minute.

Impulsive noise is noise that has acoustic energy impulses for less than 1 second at intervals of more than 1 second.

Article 72. Measurements of steady noise, fluctuating noise, and impulse noise must be made with an integrating sound level meter or a dosimeter meeting the requirements...

Environmental Standards Defined

Environmental standards are laws that, through agreement among different societal sectors, define acceptable and safe pollutant levels for human health and the environment. These regulations serve as environmental management tools, designed to address and resolve environmental issues.

There are three main types of standards: primary environmental quality standards, secondary environmental quality standards, and emission standards.

Primary Environmental Quality Standards

These standards aim to protect public health and are applied uniformly nationwide, ensuring all citizens are entitled to the same environmental quality. They establish the maximum permissible amounts of pollutants whose presence in the environment...

Core Organizational and Management Definitions

Mission

The fundamental purpose, end, or raison d'être of a firm or organization. It defines:

1. What it aims to serve in the environment or social system in which it operates.
2. What it claims to do.
3. For whom it is going to do it.

The mission is influenced by several elements, including: the history of the organization, the preferences of management and/or owners, external or environmental factors, available resources, and its distinctive capabilities.

Vision

Defined as the long-term direction of the company. It provides guidance and encouragement to steer strategic decisions, supporting the growth of competitiveness.

Allies

Institutions or private or public organizations that meet the following criteria:

• They

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