Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

Week 8: Discourse Analysis and Qualitative Reporting

Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is an umbrella term that borrows from all the other methods of analysis presented before.

It is useful when the research uses texts that are reproducing the social order. Critically question what this social order consists of and who benefits from it (injustice or problems). Keep an eye out for what is not included in the text.

Discourse: A particular way of thinking about a topic.

How to do Discourse Analysis:

Close reading and analysis of the text:

• Semantic layer (the meaning of words, phrases, etc., but also the use of figures of speech such as metaphors or personifications).
• Syntactic layer (structure of sentences and phrases) / argumentative layer (arguments

How the Design of Buildings Can Enhance Public Spaces

Get the Rhythm Right

Reach Out to the Street

Be a Good Neighbor

Strengthen Local Identity

Keep it Rich from Near and Afar

How Urban Design Can Support Safety

Ensure Natural Surveillance and Human Presence

Make Buildings Open to the Public Realm

Put 'Eyes on Streets' and Minimize Exposed Blank Facades

Mix Uses, Particularly at Ground Level, to Add Vitality at Different Times

Design an Integrated Network of Streets, Rather than Vulnerable Cul-de-Sacs

Minimize Conflict

Provide Safe Routes for Walking and Cycling

Design-in Territoriality and Community Involvement

Foster a Sense of Ownership, Mutual Protection, and Belonging

The Three-Tier Planning System in Hong Kong

The three-tier planning system in Hong Kong... Continue reading "Urban Planning and Design: Enhancing Public Spaces and Safety" »

Classical Conditioning Terms

International Crisis Management

Risk Assessment

Conduct a comprehensive risk assessment to identify potential crises that could impact your organization's international operations. Analyze political, economic, social, technological, and legal factors in your countries or regions of operation.

Crisis Response Team

Establish a dedicated crisis response team with members from different departments who have the expertise and authority to make critical decisions during a crisis. Clearly define roles, responsibilities, and communication channels within the team.

Communication Strategy

Develop a robust communication strategy for internal and external stakeholders. Establish a clear chain of command for key messages, prepare spokespersons for media interactions,... Continue reading "International Crisis Management Strategies" »

Maritime and Marine Terminology

Polluter: A vessel emitting harmful substances into the air or spilling oil into the sea.

Proceed (to): To sail or head for a certain position or to continue the voyage.

PA-system (Public Address System): Loudspeakers in the vessel's cabins, mess rooms, etc., and on deck via which important information can be broadcast from a central point, mostly from the navigation bridge.

RCC (Rescue Coordination Centre): Land-based authority conducting and coordinating search and rescue operations in a designated area.

Receiving Point: A mark or place at which a vessel comes under obligatory entry, transit, or escort procedure.

Reference Line: A fictive line displayed on the radar screen separating the fairway for inbound and outbound... Continue reading "Maritime and Marine Terminology: A Comprehensive Glossary" »

Why Online Shopping Is the Superior Way to Shop

In the modern age of convenience and technology, online shopping has become an increasingly popular way to shop. It stands out as the best method for several compelling reasons:

• Vast Selection: The array of products available at our fingertips is unparalleled. Whether you're looking for the latest fashion trends, rare collectibles, or everyday essentials, online stores offer a seemingly endless selection.
• Effortless Comparison: The ease of comparison shopping allows consumers to find the best deals and prices, often with just a few clicks. This not only saves money but also significant time and effort.
• Unmatched Convenience: Shopping from the comfort of your own home, avoiding crowded stores and long

Business Structures, Strategies, and Restructuring

Company Structure

A company is a separate legal entity, possessing the same rights as a person. This includes the ability to incur debt, sue, and be sued.

Partnership Structure

A partnership involves multiple individuals who conduct business together.

Business Strategies

A business strategy is a plan to achieve specific objectives. These strategies can be generic or competitive.

Generic Strategies

• Growth: Introducing new products or adding new features (e.g., phone companies).
• Product Differentiation: Creating a competitive advantage through superior quality or service (e.g., air purifiers with superior engineering design).
• Price-Skimming: Initially charging high prices for a product and then lowering

Key Elements of Integrative Entrepreneurship

Five Key Elements

• Environmental Opportunities
• Entrepreneurial Individuals
• Organizational Context
• Unique Business Concepts
• Resources

Integrative Model of Entrepreneurial Inputs and Outputs

Inputs

• The Entrepreneurial Process: Identify Opportunity; Access and Acquire Necessary Resources; Implementation
• Entrepreneurial Intensity (EI): Number of Events and Degree of Entrepreneurship (Innovation, Risk-Taking, Proactiveness)

Outputs

• A Going Venture
• Value Creation
• New Products, Services, Processes, and Technologies
• Profits or Personal Benefits
• Employment, Asset, and Revenue Growth

12 Key Elements of Entrepreneurship

1. Drive to Achieve: The motivation to reach a desired goal.
2. Determination and Perseverance: Avoiding failure by

Chapter 1

Three Characteristics of Organizations

• Organizations have distinct purposes (goals).
• Goals can only be achieved through people. An organization’s people make decisions and engage in work activities to make the goals a reality.
• Organizations develop a systematic structure that defines and limits the behavior of its members, e.g., rules and regulations, job descriptions, work teams.

Organizations are collections of people who work together and coordinate their actions to achieve a wide variety of goals and desired future outcomes.

Goal of organizations: Profit, survival, interest. Different interest groups in the organization may have different goals.

Organizations exist because they reduce transaction costs (search costs, negotiation costs,... Continue reading "Organizational Characteristics and Management Essentials" »

Consumer Decision-Making and Beyond

Levels of Consumer Decision-Making

There are three primary levels of consumer decision-making:

• Extensive Problem-Solving: Consumers have not established criteria for evaluating a product category or specific brands.
• Limited Problem-Solving: Consumers already have established the basic criteria for evaluating the product category and the various brands in the category.
• Routinized Response Behavior: Consumers have experience with the product category and a well-established set of criteria with which to evaluate the brands they are considering.

Models of Consumers: Four Views of Decision-Making

• An Economic View
• A Passive View
• A Cognitive View
• An Emotional View

All depict consumers and their decision-making processes in... Continue reading "Understanding Consumer Decision-Making Processes" »