Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

International Air Transport Association (IATA)

IATA is the International Air Transport Association, a trade association for the world’s airlines. It promotes cooperation, safety, reliability, confidence, and economy in air transport, benefiting its private shareholders.

• IATA represents 290 airlines, accounting for 82% of worldwide air traffic.
• It was established in 1945 in Havana, Cuba.
• IATA seeks common solutions for industry problems that individual airlines cannot solve alone.

IATA Airport and Airline Codes

• IATA Airport Codes: These are 3-letter codes used to designate airports worldwide.
• Cities with multiple airports also have a specific code to designate the city itself (e.g., NYC for New York City).
• Airline Designators:
  • IATA codes (2 letters)

Organizational Design Concepts

A potential drawback in organizational design is the less effective use of central information.

Management Span and Organizational Layers

• Span of Management: The number of subordinates who report to a particular manager.
  • Relates to: Wide span versus narrow organizations.
• Organizational Layers: The levels of management in an organization.
  • Relates to: Flat versus tall organizations.

3. Specialization and Departmentalization

Specialization (The Division of Labor)

Specialization (e.g., the Ford model) is the division of labor into small, specific tasks and the assignment of employees to perform a single task.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Specialization

• Pros:
  • Efficiency
  • Ease of training
  • Ease of performing tasks
• Cons:
  • Low levels

Hydrologic Cycle

Describe the path water moves land, ocean, atmosphere

Seawater

97.2%

Stream

Zone of Saturation

Point where 100% of the pore spaces are filled with water

Best Aquitard

Shale material

Connection Between Climate and Geologic Process

Heavy rainfall triggers debris flow

Cryosphere

Ice and snow existed on Earth

Shells

Made out of CaCO3

Shore and Coast

Shore: area from lowest tide to highest elevation

Coast: area of ocean-related features from the water inland

Coastline

Marks the seaward edge of the coast

Waves and Shoreline

Wave Height

Vertical distance between trough and crest

Wavelength

Horizontal distance between successive crests

Shoreline

Marks the contact between land and sea

Bending of Waves

Refraction

Aquifers and Hot Springs

Aquitard

Impermeable layer...

Understanding Human Resource Management (HRM)

Definition of HRM

Human Resource Management (HRM) is the process of acquiring, training, and compensating employees, as well as attending to their labor relations, health, safety, and fairness concerns.

The Role of HR

• Strategic Role: Create value for the organization.
• Tactical Role: Share responsibilities with managers through activities like recruiting, performance appraisal, and managing the reward system.
• Administrative Role: Often involves outsourcing tasks such as payroll and leave administration.

Influencing Factors

HR practices are influenced by both external and internal factors.

Strategic Workforce Planning (SWP)

Definition of SWP

Strategic Workforce Planning (SWP) is the process of getting the right

Waterfall Methodology

Waterfall Methodology is used by most federal and state agencies and businesses that rely on these agencies. It is also used by the vast majority of projects that are not software-centric. It utilizes a phased and structured approach to software development. It assumes every requirement of a project can be identified before design and coding begins. It tells the team's developers everything that needs to be in the software before it is up and running. It follows a waterfall approach. Development teams only have one chance to get each aspect of a project right.

Steps in Waterfall Methodology

1. Requirements Analysis
2. Design
3. Coding
4. Integration
5. Testing
6. Deployment

Traditional "waterfall" development depends on a perfect understanding of...

Labor Cost Definition and Components

The cost of labor is defined as the monetary value of human labor applied to production and consumption. The concept of labor cost includes:

• Personal remuneration (whether direct or indirect).
• Compulsory charges imposed by law, such as Social Security contributions, company costs, and workplace safety expenses.

Classification of Labor Costs

Direct Labor Costs

Direct labor costs are personnel costs that can be identified directly with the finished product or the service provided. This cost can be measured and assessed individually in relation to specific products or departments.

Indirect Labor Costs

Indirect labor costs consist of personnel costs for workers engaged in secondary or ancillary production tasks (e.g....

Administrative Process: A Comprehensive Understanding

Phases of the Administrative Process

Planning

Planning involves identifying objectives and determining the courses of action to be followed. It establishes strategies, policies, programs, and procedures to define what will be done and how.

Key Activities:

• Identify, clarify, and expand objectives
• Establish conditions for undertaking activities
• Select tasks to achieve objectives
• Establish policies, procedures, and methods for activity development

Organization

Organization entails distributing activities among members of the organization and establishing clear relationships between them.

Key Activities:

• Subdivide work into operating units
• Group operational obligations into operational positions
• Clarify requirements
• Select

Role in Building Regulations

Regular Requirements:

• Technical
• Administrator

Regular Requirements Relating to:

• Functionality
• Security
• Habitability

Regular manufacturing processes of materials, products, and building systems.

Regular systems of standardization of products with the same characteristics.

Regulates the competences of the different actors involved in the construction process.

1.1 - Rules of Application to Building Materials

Spanish Legislation:

• CTE Technical Code for Building
• ETA European Technical Approval
• NBE Building Standards
• NTE Standard Building Technology
• UNE: A Spanish Standard
• Structural Concrete EHE
• RC-08 Instruction for receiving cement

Basic Requirements for Building:

Concerning Functionality:

• Use
• Accessibility
• Access to telecommunication services
• Ease

Organizational Structures

Organizational structures define the set of relationships between the elements that constitute a company, pursuing a common plan or purpose. The structure represents how the company has decided to divide tasks and coordinate activities.

Structure can be formal or informal. The formal structure, which is represented in an organizational chart, is the easiest to analyze. To optimize staff efforts, companies tend to group jobs into various units, often called departments or divisions. Depending on how these groups are formed, we can identify different models. Traditionally, the following types of structures are recognized:

Line Structure

This is the classic structure representing a company's hierarchy. It clearly outlines...