Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other languages

Unit 8

Determiners and Pronouns

• In one respect, the older games and the modern games are similar, but they are very different in another.
• Many modern games engage the player both emotionally and intellectually.
• It's no longer black and white - but every shade of grey.
• Parents and teachers both seem to overlook something important about the gaming industry.
• All
• Some
• Much
• No
• Each
• Very few
• Most
• Several
• Very little
• A lot of
• No
• None
• An awful lot (una cantidad muy grande)
• Precious little
• Second to none (Insuperable, el mejor)
• Good few (e.g., "unas buenas x horas")
• Make the most of (Aprovechar)
• Either way (De todos modos)
• All too often (Muy seguido)
• One by one (Uno x uno)
• Each and every one (Cada uno)

Vocabulary: Amount

• Small discount
• Extra charge
• Full refund
• Great deal
• High cost
• Large

Study Guide Questions

1. What is the name of the novel we have been studying in class?

The name of the novel we are studying is The Catcher in the Rye

2. Where does D.B live?

Hollywood

3. What is D.B's job?

D.B's job is a screenwriter in Hollywood

4. What is Pencey Prep?

Pencey Prep is a boarding school where Holden was; there were stupid phony people

5. What does Holden think about D.B's job?

Holden thinks that D.B's job is a prostitute because he sells his scripts

6. Why was all the fencing team upset?

They were upset because Holden left the equipment in the subway

7. Who is Old Spencer?

Old Spencer was Holden's teacher

8. Why did Old Spencer want to see Holden before Christmas break?

He wanted to say goodbye

9. Why wasn't Holden going back to school in January?... Continue reading "The Catcher in the Rye: Study Guide Questions and Answers" »

Essential Phrases for Professional Communication

It dawned on me: I realized

I’ve lost count of: I can’t remember       Innovation: new idea    Incubation: development

Hunch: an idea based on feelings     Adjacent: next to    Without exception: In every case

In solitude: alone

I can’t come up with        I haven’t the faintest idea

I’m drawing a blank          It’s dawning on me

It occurs to me that          I’m coming to the realization that

I’m stuck for ideas             It strikes me that

Much to dismay of: causing quite a lot of upset for     Chuck: throw     Congregate: gather together

Become: self-perpetuating: makes itself worse     Stay put: remain in one

Got to the bottom of       Overcome obstacles

Solve the dilemma       ... Continue reading "The modern subject is the subject of the sciences." »

Past Simple

The past simple is formed by using the second column of irregular verbs or by adding -ed to regular verbs.

Use when with the past simple.

Past Continuous

The past continuous is formed with was/were + verb + -ing.

Use as or while with the past continuous.

Past Perfect

The past perfect is formed with had + past participle.

When used with the past simple and past perfect, it always goes before the past simple.

The Future

Will-Future

Will + infinitive is used for:

• Predictions
• Promises
• Spontaneous decisions
• Probability
• First conditional

Going to-Future

Going to + infinitive is used for:

• Future plans
• Intentions
• Predictions based on present evidence (e.g., "It's going to rain because there are clouds.")

Present Continuous

Am/is/are + -ing is used for plans.

Future

Conectores para añadir:

• and
• also
• as well as
• moreover
• too
• furthermore
• additionally

Conectores para ordenar:

• first, second, third...
• finally
• next
• then
• subsequently

Conectores para dar ejemplos:

• for example
• such as
• for instance
• illustrated by

Conectores de causa y efecto:

• because
• so
• therefore
• consequently

Conectores para comparar:

• similarly
• likewise
• as with
• like
• equally
• in the same way

Conectores para contraponer:

• but
• however
• although
• unless
• except
• apart from

Conectores para contrastar:

• whereas
• instead of
• alternatively
• on the other hand

Conectores para dar énfasis:

• above all
• in particular
• especially
• significantly
• indeed
• notably

Financial Vocabulary: English to Spanish

• Banknote: billete
• Cash: dinero en efectivo
• Cash machine: cajero
• Cheque book: chequera / talonario de cheques
• Coin: moneda
• Credit card: tarjeta de crédito
• Currency: moneda / divisa
• Purse: monedero
• Wallet: cartera
• Receipt: recibo
• Till: caja registradora
• To afford: permitirse
• To borrow: pedir prestado
• To lend: prestar
• To cost: costar
• To owe: deber
• To pay for: pagar por
• To save: ahorrar
• To earn: ganar
• To spend: gastar
• To change: cambiar

Everyday English Phrases & Expressions

• To spend a lot of time: pasar mucho tiempo
• Don’t get me wrong / Don’t misunderstand me: no me malinterpretes
• Gooseberry: sujetavelas
• Actually: en realidad / de hecho
• The boy/girl of my dreams: el chico/chica de mis sueños
• I got his/her reply straight

This section provides practical examples of common Spanish grammatical structures, including expressions of wishes, conditional clauses, and passive voice constructions. Each example is presented with its English translation to aid understanding.

Expressing Wishes and Regrets (Ojalá)

• Ojalá no me hubiera casado cuando tenía dieciocho años. I wish I hadn't got married when I was eighteen years old.
• Pat está desempleada desde hace tres meses. Ojalá encuentre un trabajo. Pat has been unemployed for three months. I wish she would find a job.
• Mi mujer quiere que tome clases de baile. Ojalá me gustara bailar. My wife wants me to take dance lessons. I wish I liked dancing.
• Estoy interesado en el deporte desde que era un chico, pero soy tan torpe.

Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar

Common Phrases and Idioms

Work and Everyday Life

• Paid peanuts: Pagar una miseria (To be paid very little)
• Got sacked: Despidieron (To be fired)
• Show you the ropes: Mostrar como funciona (To show someone how to do a job)
• Pulling your weight: Ponerte las pilas (To do your fair share of work)
• Homesick: Tener morriña (To miss home)
• Make yourself at home: Sentirse como en casa (To feel comfortable)
• Suburbs: Barrios residenciales (Residential areas outside of a city)
• Success: Éxito (Achievement)

Examples:

• Earn money, respect: Ganar dinero, respeto
• Teamwork: Football match, group project
• Profit: Selling things, investing money
• Pack: Suit, toothbrush
• Deliver: Pizza, message
• Dare: Come late, make personal phone calls

Other Useful

Essential English and Catalan Phrases

Household and Daily Life

• Do something out of love (without getting anything in return): Hacer alguna cosa por amor al arte
• Chores: Tasques
• Household chores/jobs: Tasques domèstiques
• How kind: Qué adorable (mono)
• Businesslike manner: Hombre de negocios (hacer negocios)
• It's worth it: Vale la pena
• It's worth five pounds: Vale 5 libras
• Grumpily: Mal humor
• Accuse somebody of doing something: Acusar algú d'alguna cosa
• Windscreen: Parabrisas
• Traffic lights: Semáforo
• At least: Al menos
• Save money: Estalviar diners

Family and Relationships

• Family values: Valores de la familia
• A single working mum: Madre trabajadora soltera
• Do the washing: Lavar la ropa
• Do the washing-up: Lavar los platos
• Big age gap: Diferencia d'edad
• Babysitting: