Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other languages

Past Simple

The past simple is formed by using the second column of irregular verbs or by adding -ed to regular verbs.

Use when with the past simple.

Past Continuous

The past continuous is formed with was/were + verb + -ing.

Use as or while with the past continuous.

Past Perfect

The past perfect is formed with had + past participle.

When used with the past simple and past perfect, it always goes before the past simple.

The Future

Will-Future

Will + infinitive is used for:

• Predictions
• Promises
• Spontaneous decisions
• Probability
• First conditional

Going to-Future

Going to + infinitive is used for:

• Future plans
• Intentions
• Predictions based on present evidence (e.g., "It's going to rain because there are clouds.")

Present Continuous

Am/is/are + -ing is used for plans.

Future

Conectores para añadir:

• and
• also
• as well as
• moreover
• too
• furthermore
• additionally

Conectores para ordenar:

• first, second, third...
• finally
• next
• then
• subsequently

Conectores para dar ejemplos:

• for example
• such as
• for instance
• illustrated by

Conectores de causa y efecto:

• because
• so
• therefore
• consequently

Conectores para comparar:

• similarly
• likewise
• as with
• like
• equally
• in the same way

Conectores para contraponer:

• but
• however
• although
• unless
• except
• apart from

Conectores para contrastar:

• whereas
• instead of
• alternatively
• on the other hand

Conectores para dar énfasis:

• above all
• in particular
• especially
• significantly
• indeed
• notably

Financial Vocabulary: English to Spanish

• Banknote: billete
• Cash: dinero en efectivo
• Cash machine: cajero
• Cheque book: chequera / talonario de cheques
• Coin: moneda
• Credit card: tarjeta de crédito
• Currency: moneda / divisa
• Purse: monedero
• Wallet: cartera
• Receipt: recibo
• Till: caja registradora
• To afford: permitirse
• To borrow: pedir prestado
• To lend: prestar
• To cost: costar
• To owe: deber
• To pay for: pagar por
• To save: ahorrar
• To earn: ganar
• To spend: gastar
• To change: cambiar

Everyday English Phrases & Expressions

• To spend a lot of time: pasar mucho tiempo
• Don’t get me wrong / Don’t misunderstand me: no me malinterpretes
• Gooseberry: sujetavelas
• Actually: en realidad / de hecho
• The boy/girl of my dreams: el chico/chica de mis sueños
• I got his/her reply straight

Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar

Common Phrases and Idioms

Work and Everyday Life

• Paid peanuts: Pagar una miseria (To be paid very little)
• Got sacked: Despidieron (To be fired)
• Show you the ropes: Mostrar como funciona (To show someone how to do a job)
• Pulling your weight: Ponerte las pilas (To do your fair share of work)
• Homesick: Tener morriña (To miss home)
• Make yourself at home: Sentirse como en casa (To feel comfortable)
• Suburbs: Barrios residenciales (Residential areas outside of a city)
• Success: Éxito (Achievement)

Examples:

• Earn money, respect: Ganar dinero, respeto
• Teamwork: Football match, group project
• Profit: Selling things, investing money
• Pack: Suit, toothbrush
• Deliver: Pizza, message
• Dare: Come late, make personal phone calls

Other Useful

Essential English and Catalan Phrases

Household and Daily Life

• Do something out of love (without getting anything in return): Hacer alguna cosa por amor al arte
• Chores: Tasques
• Household chores/jobs: Tasques domèstiques
• How kind: Qué adorable (mono)
• Businesslike manner: Hombre de negocios (hacer negocios)
• It's worth it: Vale la pena
• It's worth five pounds: Vale 5 libras
• Grumpily: Mal humor
• Accuse somebody of doing something: Acusar algú d'alguna cosa
• Windscreen: Parabrisas
• Traffic lights: Semáforo
• At least: Al menos
• Save money: Estalviar diners

Family and Relationships

• Family values: Valores de la familia
• A single working mum: Madre trabajadora soltera
• Do the washing: Lavar la ropa
• Do the washing-up: Lavar los platos
• Big age gap: Diferencia d'edad
• Babysitting:

Enola Holmes: A Captivating Mystery Film

The film Enola Holmes, based on the book series by Nancy Springer and directed by Harry Bradbeer, introduces us to the spirited younger sister of the renowned Sherlock Holmes. The main characters include Enola Holmes, the enigmatic Marquis of Tewkesbury, and the famous detective Sherlock Holmes himself.

Setting the Scene: Victorian England

The story unfolds in late 19th-century Great Britain. Enola lives a secluded life in the countryside with her unconventional mother, who has diligently taught her a unique set of skills and knowledge, preparing her for an independent future.

The Disappearance and Enola's Quest

On the morning of her sixteenth birthday, Enola awakens to find her mother has mysteriously vanished.... Continue reading "Enola Holmes Film Analysis: Story, Characters, and Reception" »

Key Events and Themes in 'The Outsiders'

1. Dally raises his weapon, leading the police to perceive a threat and fatally shoot him.

2. Dally wanted to die because Johnny was dead, and he couldn’t live without him.

3. Ponyboy was bothered by his school friends seeing his house because most of them came from "good homes."

4. He was worried that he and Soda would go to an all-boys home.

5. Ponyboy is acquitted, and the Curtis brothers get to stay together.

6. By the end of the novel, after the deaths of Bob and Johnny, Ponyboy has completely lost his innocence; his grades drop, and his attitude changes.

7. His grades suffer because he became detached, developed a bad attitude, and became depressed.

8. Pony can raise his grade to a C by writing an outstanding... Continue reading "Key Events and Themes in 'The Outsiders' by S.E. Hinton" »

Phrasal Verbs with UP

1. Get on (Subir/montarse)

2. Get on (Ponerse (bien/mal) con alguien, llevar algo)

3. Get on (Hacer progresos)

4. Get on (with somebody) (Tener una buena relación)

5. Get on (with something) (Continuar haciendo algo que tienes que hacer)

6. Look up (at) (Fijarse en algo)

7. Look up (in a dictionary/encyclopedia)

8. Keep up (with) (Llevar el ritmo)

9. Catch up (with somebody) (Alcanzar una velocidad o nivel determinado)

10. Set up (organisation, company, business) (Designar, elegir, seleccionar)

11. Take up (a hobby, a sport, an activity) (Comenzar algo)

12. Fix up (a meeting) (Organizar, arreglar)

13. Grow up (Crecer, hacerse mayor)

14. Bring up (a child) (Levantar, cuidar a un niño, hacerse cargo)

15. Clean/Clear/Tidy UP (Dejar algo

Essential Vocabulary and Phrases

Financial and Personal Well-being

• Be well-off: To be in a good financial situation.
• Make ends meet: To have just enough money to cover expenses.
• Live from hand to mouth: To have barely enough money to survive.
• On the house: Offered for free, paid for by the establishment.
• Take pleasure in: To find enjoyment in something.
• Beyond my reach: Unattainable or too expensive.
• To date: Up until the present time.

Financial Terms

• Inherited: Received property or money after someone's death.
• Property: Real estate or possessions owned by someone.
• Bargain: Something bought at a lower price than usual.
• Refund: An amount of money returned.
• Borrowing: The act of taking a loan.
• Amount: A quantity of something, typically money.
• Receipt: A written

Present Simple Tense

Affirmative

• I, You, We, They + verb (e.g., I work, You work, We work, They work) - Without 's' or 'es' at the end of the verb.
• He, She, It + verb + s/es (e.g., He works, She works, It works) - With 's' or 'es' at the end of the verb.

Negative

• I, You, We, They + don't + verb (e.g., I don't work)
• He, She, It + doesn't + verb (e.g., He doesn't work) - No 's' or 'es' is added to the main verb because 'doesn't' already includes it.

Time Expressions

• Always
• Every (day, week, month, year...)
• Once (a day, a week...)
• Twice (a day, a week...)
• Never
• Normally
• Often
• Seldom
• Sometimes
• Usually
• Generally
• Rarely

Present Continuous Tense

Affirmative

• I + am + verb + -ing (e.g., I'm working)
• You, We, They + are + verb + -ing (e.g., You are working, We are working,