Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other languages

Active and Passive Voice Tense Transformations

Active Voice vs. Passive Voice Examples:

• Present Simple: Active: They love | Passive: They are loved
• Present Continuous: Active: They are loving | Passive: They are being loved
• Past Simple: Active: They loved | Passive: They were loved
• Past Continuous: Active: They were loving | Passive: They were being loved
• Present Perfect: Active: They have loved | Passive: They have been loved
• Past Perfect: Active: They had loved | Passive: They had been loved
• Future (Will): Active: They will love | Passive: They will be loved
• Future (Going To): Active: They are going to love | Passive: They are going to be loved

Future Continuous and Future Perfect Tenses

Future Continuous Structure

Formula: WILL + BE + V-ING

Example:... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Tenses, Voice, and Clauses" »

Trimester III - Vocabulary #1: Blind Man's Holiday

1. Shadows
2. Acquaintance
3. Banishment
4. Reticence
5. Grandeur
6. Bequeathed
7. Skulker
8. Ragged
9. Perplexing
10. Murky
11. Scatter
12. Tame
13. Savoury
14. Menaced
15. Innuendo
16. Cavorting
17. Woo
18. Sombre
19. Cogwheel
20. Hubbub
21. Succour
22. Creakingly
23. Echoing
24. Grimace
25. Cobwebbed

Lo botan cuando terminan de usarlo 🐢

Trimester III - Vocabulary #1: Blind Man's Holiday

1. Shadows
2. Acquaintance
3. Banishment
4. Reticence
5. Grandeur
6. Bequeathed
7. Skulker
8. Ragged
9. Perplexing
10. Murky
11. Scatter
12. Tame
13. Savoury
14. Menaced
15. Innuendo
16. Cavorting
17. Woo
18. Sombre
19. Cogwheel
20. Hubbub
21. Succour
22. Creakingly
23. Echoing
24. Grimace
25. Cobwebbed

Lo botan cuando terminan de usarlo 🐢

Trimester III - Vocabulary #1: Blind Man's Holiday

1. Shadows
2. Acquaintance
3. Banishment
4. Reticence
5. Grandeur
6. Bequeathed
7. Skulker
8. Ragged
9. Perplexing
10. Murky
11. Scatter
12. Tame
13. Savoury
14. Menaced
15. Innuendo
16. Cavorting
17. Woo
18. Sombre
19. Cogwheel
20. Hubbub
21. Succour
22. Creakingly
23. Echoing
24. Grimace
25. Cobwebbed

Lo

English Conditionals

• 0 Conditional: If + Present Simple + Present Simple
• 1st Conditional: If + Present Simple + will + infinitive
• 2nd Conditional: If + Past Simple + would + infinitive
• 3rd Conditional: If + Past Perfect + would have + past participle

Mixed Conditionals

• 3rd + 2nd Conditional: If + Past Perfect + would + base verb
• 2nd + 3rd Conditional: If + Past Simple + would have + past participle

If Only / I Wish

• 1. If only / I wish + Past Simple: Used for desires regarding the present or future.
• 2. If only / I wish + would + infinitive: Used when you want a near-future situation to change (often expresses annoyance).
• 3. If only / I wish + Past Perfect: Used to express regret or past wishes.

Alternatives to "If"

• Whether: si
• In case: en caso de
• As long as:

Essential English Connectors and Their Meanings

Here's a list of common English connectors with their Spanish translations:

• First of all - En primer lugar
• In my opinion - En mi opinión
• Personally - Personalmente
• As far as I am concerned - Por lo que a mí respecta
• From my point of view - Bajo mi punto de vista
• To begin with - Para empezar
• Firstly - Primeramente
• Secondly - En segundo lugar
• That's why - Esto es por lo que
• Therefore - Por lo tanto
• As a result of - Como resultado
• Consequently - En consecuencia
• As - Como
• So - Así que
• Whereas - Mientras que
• So...that... - Tan...que...
• Such a...that... - Tan...que...
• On the one hand - Por una parte
• However/Nevertheless - Sin embargo
• Anyhow - De todas formas
• Anyway - De cualquier manera
• In spite of/Despite - A pesar de
• On

Ability

Expressing ability with modal verbs:

• Can (present ability): Can you speak French?
• Will be able to (future ability): She will be able to speak French in two months.
• Could (past ability, unrealized potential): I could have gone to university when I was younger.
• Be able to (general ability): She is able to speak Chinese.
• Was/were able to (past ability, achieved action): We were able to escape the fire.
• Couldn't/were not able to (negative past ability): We couldn't/were not able to finish the project.

Possibility

Expressing degrees of possibility:

• May (higher probability): He may be in his office.
• Might (lower probability): She might be 30 years old.

Certainty

Expressing certainty or impossibility:

• Must (certainty): He must be over 70.
• Can't (impossibility)

English Grammar Mastery

Passive Voice Transformations

Passive Voice:

• It breaks = It is broken
• It is breaking = It is being broken
• It broke = It was broken
• It was breaking = It was being broken
• Have/Has broken = Has/Have been broken
• Had broken = Had been broken
• Will break = Will be broken

Reported Speech and Tense Shifts

In Reported Speech, tenses shift: Present Simple becomes Past Simple; Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous.

Using So and Such

• So + adjective + that
• Such + a/an + adjective + singular noun
• Such + adjective + plural noun
• So many/much

Sentence Inversion Structures

Inversion: Not until / Only when + normal clause + inversion; Not only / Never / No sooner / Hardly + inversion + normal clause (auxiliary + subject + verb).

Conditional Sentences

• Zero

Key Vocabulary and Their Meanings

• Rented: Tenant.
• Settle: A wooden seat.
• Harm: *Faire mal* (French).
• Bleak: *Ombrívol* (Catalan).
• Farmyard: Corral.
• Realize: To start to understand something.
• Haunt someone: To come back after death to visit someone; ghosts haunt people or places.
• Trembling: Shaking.
• Mistress: The woman in charge of the house.
• Cheated: Something dishonest or unfair.
• Treating: To behave in a certain way towards someone.
• Became lame: *Ser coix* (Catalan).
• Punish: To make somebody suffer because they have done something wrong.
• Swore: To speak very rudely and unpleasantly to someone.
• Ashamed: To feel unhappy or uncomfortable because you think you are not as good as other people.
• Revenge: To harm someone because they have harmed you.
• Pinched: To

Essential English Vocabulary

• Aims: tener como objetivo
• Affordable: asequible
• Annoyed: irritado
• Business: negocio, empresa
• Borrow: coger prestado
• Branch out: expandirse
• Brochure: folleto
• Complain: queja
• Correspondence: correspondencia
• Check: verificar
• Coffin: ataúd
• Disease / Sickness: enfermedad
• Delivery: envío
• Entrepreneur: emprendedor
• Fleet: flota
• Figures: cifras
• Fall down: caer, bajar
• Further: adicional
• Go up / Increase: subir, crecer
• Get on well: llevarse bien
• Handwriting: a mano
• Handout: folleto
• Immediately: inmediatamente
• Informal: casual
• Loan: crédito
• Moody: bipolar
• Naughty: travieso
• Order: orden, pedido
• Outdated: anticuado
• Prompt: pista
• Purchases: compras
• Pull-up: plegable
• Purpose: propósito
• Performance: rendimiento
• Reply: devolver
• Remain stable: no cambiar
• Sensible:

About to (+ verb)

A punto de (+ a verb)

According to (PREP)

Según lo que dice (referencing a source)

Actually (S)

Realmente, de hecho, por cierto

After all (BOTH)

Al fin y al cabo - (like “the bottom line”)

All in all (S)

En resumen / tomando todo en cuenta

All over (PREP)

Por todo (mundo, país), en todo

On the Contrary (S)

Todo lo contrario

Although (S)

Aunque

Anyway (S)

En todo caso, de todas maneras, de todas formas

As (BOTH)

Como, mientras, Dado que

As far as (S)

Hasta lo que ---- this expression is essentially just used with AS FAR AS I KNOW and AS FAR AS I’M CONCERNED

As for (PREP)

Referente a, en relación a, con respecto a

As a matter of fact (S)

De hecho, en realidad

As to (PREP)

Referente a, respecto a

As well (AT THE END)

También (use only at the end

TEMA2 VOCABULARY

• adopt an approach to
• analyse
• conduct
• demonstrate the possibility that
• field of study
• major breakthrough
• observe
• procedure
• process data
• provide evidence
• test a theory
• variety of sources
• guinea pig
• light years ahead
• quantum leap
• rocket science
• side effects
• trial and error
• come about
• come to light
• discomfort
• distinguish
• make out
• mutation
• personal hygiene
• pick up
• treatment
• widespread
• bring up
• go over
• hook up
• look at
• plug in
• rely on
• show off
• take after
• take away
• take in

TEMA 3 VOCABULARY

• influence
• make advances in
• make improvements to
• make the world of difference
• overcome difficulties
• remarkable achievement
• seek ways to improve
• transform
• turning point
• considerable change
• dramatic change
• far-reaching change
• refreshing change
• subtle change
• unexpected change
• city-dwelling
• complex
• doorstep
• expand
• go