Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

Biological Challenges Faced by Women in Sports

Q27. ‘Women face certain hindrances in sports due to their biological cycle’. Explain these issues in brief.

Female Athlete Triad: Osteoporosis, Amenorrhea, Eating Disorders

The Female Athlete Triad is a syndrome that links three health problems: disordered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Girls may begin to skip periods if they are not getting adequate nutrition for the amount of exercise they do (energy availability). Periods also may be irregular. Stress lowers estrogen levels, which may cause skipped periods. Low estrogen levels and a lack of menstrual periods can lead to low bone mass (low bone mineral density) and stress fractures (small cracks) in their bones. The female athlete triad... Continue reading "Biological Challenges in Women's Sports, Joint Movements, and Common Disorders" »

Principle of Stability and Its Uses in Sports

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Ans. i. Broad base of support: for greater stability increase the area of the base and lower the centre of gravity as much as is consistent with the activity involved. Examples:
a. a basketball player stops, spreads his feet wide as shoulder line and lowers his CG to dodge the opponent.
b. Defence position of the player in volleyball.   c. Wide stance of a golfer.     d. tackling position of a player in football.
ii. Stability is directly proportional to the weight of the body: the object or a person with heavy weight will have greater stability as compared to person with less weight.
Example: it is difficult to move a heavier person as compared to less heavier person.
On the basis of this... Continue reading "Stability and Motion in Sports: Principles and Applications" »

Physiological Changes Due to Aging

As we age, several physiological changes occur in our bodies. Here's a breakdown of the key changes:

Changes in the Nervous System

During aging, reaction and movement times slow down. The brain's weight, network size, and blood flow decrease.

Changes in the Gastrointestinal System

Aging leads to a reduction in the production of hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, and saliva. These changes can result in delayed stomach emptying and impaired swallowing. The breakdown and absorption of food may also be affected. The liver becomes less efficient in metabolizing drugs and repairing damaged cells.

Changes in the Urinary System

With age, kidney mass decreases, leading to reduced blood filtration. Bladder capacity decreases,... Continue reading "Physiological Changes and Factors in Aging and Fitness" »

AAHPER Youth Fitness Test

What is the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test?

The AAHPER Youth Fitness Test, developed in 1965 in the United States, is designed to assess the fitness levels of 17-year-old students. It helps physical education teachers and recreation leaders evaluate student performance and compare it to national norms.

Test Items

The test includes various items to measure different aspects of fitness. Here are two examples:

1. Pull-Ups (Boys) and Flexed-Arm Hang (Girls)

Pull-Ups (Boys): This test measures upper body strength and endurance. Boys perform as many pull-ups as possible without resting, ensuring their chin clears the bar with each repetition.

Flexed-Arm Hang (Girls): This test also assesses upper body strength and endurance. Girls hang... Continue reading "AAHPER Youth Fitness Test and Other Fitness Assessments" »

1. Final call of ₹3 per share was yet to be made. Calculate the maximum discount at which these shares can be reissued. X Ltd. invited applications for 500, 12% debentures of ₹100 each at a 5% discount. These debentures were redeemable after five years at par. Applications for 600 debentures were received. Pro-rata allotment was made to all applications. Pass necessary journal entries for the debenture issue, assuming the whole amount was payable with application. P and Q, partners sharing profits and losses equally, had fixed capitals of ₹2,00,000 and ₹3,00,000, respectively. The partnership deed provided 12% p.a. interest on capital. For the year ended March 31, 2016, profits were distributed without providing interest on capital. Pass

HAUT MUSIC:

Composed by instruments with great sound power. These were groups intended for outdoor performances or public events.

BAS MUSIC:

Composed by instruments of soft sound intensity. These were groups intended for indoor performances.

INSTRUMENTS:

String (lute and vihuela) and keyboard (organ and harpsichord).

FAMOUS COMPOSERS:

Clement Janequin, Martin Luther, Juan del Enzina, Claudio Monteverdi, John Dowland, Antonio de Cabezón, Luis de Narváez.

Dance:

2 types of dances: Popular dance and country dance.

SOCIAL DANCES:

Pavane: is a processional dance with a slow and ceremonious binary rhythm. Galliard: is a dance in ternary and animated rhythm, with a more demanding choreography. Jardin de las Delicias: In the picture 'The Garden of Earthly Delights'... Continue reading "Music in the Renaissance Era" »

Cell Structure and Function

1. Cytoplasm

   The cytoplasm is the internal "soup" of the bacterial cell, bounded on the outside by the cell envelope. It is mostly water, but contains bacterial inclusions.

2. Cell Membrane

   The cell membrane protects the cell from its surroundings. It controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and consists of the phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

3. Nucleus

   The nucleus is located in the very center of the cell and serves as the control center. It is made up of the nucleolus, chromosomes, and is surrounded by the nuclear envelope.

4. Nuclear Envelope

   The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus with a double membrane and multiple pores. The pores regulate the passage of macromolecules but permit free passage of

Soviet Artistic Control: Enduring Restrictions (1917-1985)

Arguments and evidence suggesting that Soviet government restrictions on artistic and cultural expression remained largely unchanged from 1917 to 1985 warrant careful analysis. Key points supporting this perspective include:

• Under Lenin, art and culture were expected to serve the political, social, and economic objectives of the Soviet regime.
• For most of the Stalinist period, all artistic and cultural expression was expected to conform to Socialist Realism—conventional and idealized representations of life under socialism, serving as Soviet propaganda.
• Khrushchev, as leader of the USSR, also expected artists and writers to adhere to the government’s official line. For example, he banned

Copyright: Definition and Purpose

Copyright means a single specimen of a particular book, record, or other publication or issue. Right means a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something.

Definition

According to Eric Miller, copyright refers to the laws that regulate the use of the work of a creator, such as an artist or author. This includes copying, distributing, altering, and displaying creative, literary, and other types of work. Unless otherwise stated in a contract, the author or creator of a work retains the copyright.

Purpose of Copyright

• Protect the creator of a work.
• Promote the progress of useful arts and science.
• Maintain law and order in society.
• Protect individual's rights.

Background of Copyright Law

Copyright was recognized only... Continue reading "Copyright Law in Pakistan: Understanding Your Rights" »

Intellectual Property Organization of Pakistan (IPO-Pakistan)

Historical Background

IPO-Pakistan was established as an autonomous body on April 8, 2005, under the administrative control of the Cabinet Division for integrated and efficient intellectual property management in the country. On July 25, 2016, the administrative control of IPO-Pakistan was transferred from the Cabinet Division to the Commerce Division.

The Trade Marks Registry, Copyright Office, and the Patent & Design Office became part of the new Organization under a unified and integrated management system.

Major Functions

1. Administer and coordinate all Government systems for protection and strengthening of Intellectual Property (IP)
2. Manage all IP offices in the country
3. Create awareness