Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

Infectious Diseases

Infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasitic organisms, or certain infectious proteins. These diseases are transmitted from one individual to another, accounting for about one-third of all deaths worldwide.

Zoonotic Diseases

Zoonotic infections are diseases that are initially passed from animals to humans.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are drugs that destroy infection-causing bacteria without harming the organism's cells. They are not effective against viral infections and should not be administered in such cases.

AIDS

AIDS is an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus characterized by its small size and RNA-based genetic material. HIV can be transmitted... Continue reading "Understanding Diseases and Illnesses" »

Antijuricidad: Definition and Types

Antijuricidad refers to typical behavior that harms or endangers a legal right and is not authorized by law. There are two types of antijuricidad:

• Material Antijuricidad: Focuses on the social harm caused by the behavior.
• Formal Antijuricidad: Focuses on the behavior's contradiction with civil mandates and prohibitions, specifically the absence of express statutory authorization (justification) for the harmful conduct.

Absence of Illegality

Legal grounds for justification generally involve:

• Lack of interest (e.g., Section 141).
• The existence of an overriding interest (e.g., defense of necessity, duty, legitimate exercise of a position, authority, or office, and failure of just cause).

Justification: Legitimate Defense

Legitimate

Oracle Tablespaces and Data Storage

System tablespaces and the required sysaux tablespace are created when the database is created and must be online.

The System tablespace is used for core functionality, for example, the data dictionary tables.

The auxiliary Sysaux tablespace is used for additional database components, such as the Enterprise Manager repository.

A tablespace accounts for one or more data files.

Data files belong to one tablespace.

User process: It begins when the user database server requests a connection to Oracle.

Process server: Connects to the Oracle instance and starts when a user establishes a session.

Background processes: Start the Oracle instance.

Oracle is a server management system database that provides an open, comprehensive,... Continue reading "Oracle Tablespaces, Segments, and Data Blocks Explained" »

History of the Opera

As early as in Western civilizations such as ancient Greece, musical representations appeared linked to the theater. In the Baroque period, with the birth of opera around the year 1600, the final union between music and theater was consolidated.

Composer and his work: Puccini's La Boheme.

What is a Libretto and an Opera Librettist?

The stories told in operas are adapted so they can be sung. This version is called a libretto, and its authors are the librettists.

Zarzuela: Origins and Name

In the seventeenth century, a stage musical genre called zarzuela began in Spain. It was named after the hunting lodge of the Zarzuela Palace, due to the large number of brambles (zarzas in Spanish) that surrounded it.

Notable Zarzuela Composers

Lope... Continue reading "Opera, Zarzuela, and Musical Theater: History and Composers" »

Renaissance Art and the Mona Lisa

The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci in 1503.

Emotions in her face: 83% happy, 9% from, 6% fear, and 2% angry.

Why the Renaissance? Leonardo was curious to know the workings of nature and the human being.

The church lost force due to the split between Catholic and Protestant.

Renaissance Art and Ideals

Renaissance art was inspired by plastic arts, sculpture, paintings, and architecture.

The ideal look in the rebirth was classical art and Roman column capitals round, valuing beauty.

Renaissance Music

Most of the Renaissance music is polyphonic, usually composed for 4 or 8 voices.

Vocal and instrumental music were composed separately, but the compositions could be sung or played alike.

Renaissance Songs and Themes

Renaissance... Continue reading "Renaissance Art, Music, and Society: Key Aspects" »

Information About Romanticism in the Nineteenth Century

Dates: Romanticism began at the end of the eighteenth century and covered the entire first half of the nineteenth century.

Definition

We define it as a school, movement, and flow. As a school, it had a leader, the French poet Victor Hugo, and had a manifesto in the preface of the book *Cromwell* (a drama). As a school, it was very important in France.

It was a literary and artistic movement, but it could be considered a stream because it washed away everything; it was in all the arts, philosophy, economics, politics, and even life itself.

Origins

The origins are Nordic; it began simultaneously in Germany and England, and immediately spread to France, expanding from there to the rest of Europe.... Continue reading "Romanticism in the 19th Century: Characteristics & Origins" »

Minority Influence

Social relations involve antagonistic forces, where some groups seek to maintain power and status while others strive for improvement. S. Moscovici investigated how minority groups can influence the majority. He conducted various experimental investigations:

• Consistency: The minority must consistently and persistently transmit their ideas, defending them with conviction.
• Flexibility: Consistency can be maintained rigidly or flexibly.
• Defections of the majority: The minority can challenge the social consensus by proposing alternatives to majority rule.
• Fighting psychologizing: Some groups attack the minority without considering their ideas, resorting to the Ad hominem fallacy.

Groups

Human groups are diverse, with varying structures... Continue reading "Minority Influence and Group Dynamics: Understanding Social Behavior" »

Alfonso XIII's Reign in Spain

A Time of Uncertainty and Change

After the death of Alfonso XII, his wife, María Cristina of Hapsburg, assumed the regency. The king's death created uncertainty about the future of the Restoration system. Cánovas del Castillo and Sagasta reached an agreement (the Pact of El Pardo) to support the regency and ensure a smooth transition of power between ruling parties.

In 1902, Alfonso XIII ascended to the throne. His reign continued the Restoration's political system (the 1876 Constitution and the turno), but with two key changes: the king's active involvement in politics and the decline of the politicians who had established the regime.

Challenges During Alfonso XIII's Reign

Major Issues and Conflicts

• The Regenerationist

This document details an experiment to understand the listening experience using a telephone receiver capsule.

Experiment Setup

We used a telephone receiver capsule (voice-call) with a signal generator and an oscilloscope. The connections were made as follows:

• Connect the oscilloscope CH1 tip to the telephone capsule terminal.
• Connect the oscilloscope black reference to the signal generator output.
• Connect the signal generator red claw to the same terminal as the oscilloscope tip on the capsule.
• Connect the signal generator negative grip to the other end of the capsule and the oscilloscope.

The oscilloscope is used to analyze the wave and determine the frequency our ears can perceive. By varying the frequency, we can find the minimum audible frequency.... Continue reading "Analyzing Audio Frequencies with Oscilloscope and Telephone Capsule" »

Naturalism in Education

Naturalism occupies a privileged place in education, seen as an agent of development, momentum, and progress. Rousseau, in his educational philosophy, disagreed with John Locke (author of Some Thoughts Concerning Education), whose work may have reached Rousseau in French translation.

Rousseau's Emile

Emile is Rousseau's seminal work, a philosophical narrative based on the principle of nature. Emile is a revolutionary manifesto. In June 1762, the French Parliament condemned it to be burned and ordered the capture of its author.

Principal Theses of Emile

• The child is the focus of the school.
• Education is based on the interests of the learner.
• Three classes of education: of nature, of things, and of men.
• In Emile, religious sentiment