Reported Speech Rules and Transformations

Affirmative Sentences

Structure: Sujeto + said that + sujeto + verbo pasado.

• Present simple (is) → Past simple (was)
• Present continuous (is doing) → Past continuous (was doing)
• Past simple (did) → Past perfect (had done)
• Present perfect (has done) → Past perfect (had done)
• Must leave → Had to leave
• Will go → Would go
• Can see → Could see
• May come → Might come

Negative Sentences

Structure: Sujeto + said that + sujeto + didn't / hadn't + verbo (tiempo).

"I didn’t see the trailer." → He said that he hadn’t seen the trailer.

Yes/No Questions

Structure: Sujeto + asked + if + sujeto + verbo (tiempo).

"Did you like the movie?" → She asked if I had liked the movie.

WH- Questions

Structure: Sujeto + asked... Continue reading "Master Reported Speech and Essential English Vocabulary" »

Thermodynamics Exam Cheat Sheet: Problem-Solving Recipes

🔹 Problem 1: Property Changes & T-s Sketch

(HW 9 Q1–Q3)
1a. Ideal-Gas Entropy Change

Statement: Air (ideal gas) in a piston-cylinder goes from State 1: T₁ = 350 K, p₁ = 100 kPa to State 2: T₂ = 550 K, p₂ = 700 kPa. Find Δs (kJ/kg·K) (a) reversible, (b) with irreversibilities.

1b. Isothermal Water Compression

Statement: 1 kg water in a piston-cylinder, initially saturated vapor at T = 160 °C, p = 150 kPa, isothermally compressed to saturated liquid. Work on water W = -471.5 kJ. Find (a) Q (kJ), (b) ΔS (kJ/K). Sketch T-s.

Steps for 1a (Ideal Gas)

1. Formula:

   

2. Compute

   • 

3. Evaluate

   

4. Irreversible:

   

Steps for 1b (Water Compression)

1. 1st Law:

   

2. Table Lookup at 160 °C (saturated):

   • 

3. Compute ΔU:

   

4. Compute

Common Medications and Memory Tricks

Phase 1: Core Power Stack (Now–3 Months)

Goal: Build a full-stack foundation and sharpen Python skills with real-world applications.

Key Technologies

• Advanced Python: OOP, decorators, generators, and async programming.
• Web Frameworks: Flask or FastAPI for building robust APIs.
• Databases: PostgreSQL or MongoDB.
• Version Control: Git and GitHub workflows.
• Frontend Basics: HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

Practical Projects

• AI-powered To-Do application using FastAPI and ChatGPT.
• Blog platform with database integration and user authentication.
• Leveraging AI tools to accelerate development and testing.

Phase 2: AI Engineer Mode (3–6 Months)

Goal: Become a power user and builder with LLMs, APIs, and automation.

Key Technologies

• AI Frameworks: OpenAI API, LangChain,

Conversión a XML bien formado

Para transformar un archivo en un documento XML bien formado, es necesario cumplir con las siguientes reglas de sintaxis:

• Todo elemento debe tener una etiqueta de cierre.
• Las etiquetas deben estar correctamente anidadas.
• Debe existir un único elemento raíz.
• Los nombres de las etiquetas distinguen entre mayúsculas y minúsculas.
• Los atributos deben estar siempre entre comillas.

Crimes and Criminal Acts Vocabulary

• blackmail – coercion by threat of revealing embarrassing information
• bribery – offering money or gifts to influence someone
• burglary – illegal entry into a building with intent to commit a crime
• drug dealing – selling or distributing illegal drugs
• fraud – deception for personal or financial gain
• hacking – gaining unauthorized access to computer systems
• hijacking – illegally seizing control of a vehicle, especially an aircraft
• kidnapping – abducting and holding someone captive
• mugging – a street robbery, often involving violence
• murder – the unlawful premeditated killing of one human being by another
• rape – non-consensual sexual penetration
• robbery – taking property from a person by force or threat
• smuggling

Aircraft Identification Features

Learn to distinguish different aircraft models by their key visual characteristics:

• A330 vs B777: The B777 doesn’t have winglets, has three wheels per main landing gear strut, and the end of the fuselage is distinct.
• A320 vs B737: Standard Airbus/Boeing differences; B737s have a distinct engine shape (flattened bottom).
• B737 Series: Differences between -200, -300, -400, -500, -600, -700, -800, -900ER are primarily by size.
• B747: All have 4 engines. -200 and -300 do not have winglets, but the -300 has a larger upper deck hump. The -400 has winglets. The SP variant has no winglets and is shorter than others.
• B757: The -300 is significantly larger than the -200.
• B767: The -200 has no winglets. The -400 and -300 have

Classification of Antifungal Drugs

Dose:

• For adults: 1 to 2 grams given every 8 hours (as directed by the healthcare provider).
• For children: 25 to 50 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, divided into 3 or 4 doses (as directed by the healthcare provider).

Indications:

• Skin and soft tissue infections
• Urinary tract infections
• Respiratory tract infections
• Bone and joint infections
• Endocarditis

Contraindications:

• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Indigestion

Aminoglycosides

Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics derived from Streptomyces bacteria. Amikin (amikacin) is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat serious bacterial infections.

Classification of Aminoglycosides

1. Systemic: Streptomycin, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Netilmicin, Tobramycin, Sisomicin.
2. Topical:

Evaluation Metrics for ML Models

• Accuracy: The ratio of correctly predicted instances.

• Precision: Correct positive predictions divided by total predicted positives.

• Recall: Correct positive predictions divided by actual positives.

• F1 Score: The harmonic mean of precision and recall.

  

K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) Algorithm

• A classification algorithm that works by finding the 'k' closest training examples to a data point.

• Strengths: Simple to understand, effective for smaller datasets.

• Weaknesses: Sensitive to irrelevant features and the scale of the data.

• Applications: Image recognition, recommendation systems.

Ensemble Learning Techniques

• Combines multiple models to improve predictive performance.

• Methods:

  • Bagging (e.g., Random Forests)
  • Boosting (e.g., AdaBoost)

Nmap Options

-PE: Quickly check if host is up.

-sn: Disable port scanning (host discovery).

-n: Disables DNS resolution (checks IP online without looking up hostnames).

-O: OS detection.

-A: OS detection, Version detection, Script scanning, traceroute.

-sV: Service detection (banner info, version).

-vV: Provides verbose output.

-sC: Scan with default scripts for additional info gathering.

--min-rate=5000: Ensures scan sends at least 5k packets per second.

nmap --script smb-enum-shares.nse -p 445 (ip): List shares and their properties.

To see scripts starting with X: ls /path/X

To execute script with script tracing: sudo nmap -script=smb-os-discovery -script-trace target_ip

To enumerate the SMB share files: sudo nmap -script=smb-enum-shares target_ip

Vulnerability... Continue reading "Nmap, Netcat, and Metasploit Commands Cheat Sheet" »