Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

Characteristics of Vertebrate Animals

All vertebrates have a characteristic in common: their bones and spine. There are five types of vertebrates:

Fish

• Spindle-shaped body.
• Skin covered with scales.
• Poikilotherms (cold-blooded).
• Breathing through gills.
• There are carnivores and others that are herbivores that feed on plankton.
• They reproduce sexually with external fertilization. Fertilization takes place in water. Eggs hatch into several small larvae called fingerlings.

Amphibians

• They have four limbs as legs.
• They have bare skin and need to be constantly wet.
• They are poikilotherms (their body temperature varies with the temperature outside). So, when they go into cold lethargy, it is a kind of deep sleep.
• Adults breathe through lungs and skin.
• Adults are

Common English Irregular Verbs

This table provides a reference for common English irregular verbs, including their past tense, past participle, and Spanish translation.

1. Complete Sentences

• If you witness an event, you see it happen.
• Nurses usually work in shifts.
• He was praised for his work because he did a good job.
• She is very well-to-do; she has a lot of money.
• My job is dull; it is very boring.
• She glanced at her computer for a second.
• If a business is booming, it has many customers.

2. Professional Terminology

• Multitasking: Selena has no problem doing several things at the same time.
• Full-time: I work from Monday to Friday, 9 am to 5 pm.
• Digital native: My brother has been using technology since he was one year old!
• Rewarding: This job doesn’t pay a lot, but it makes me feel like I’m helping the world.
• Undergraduate: Dana is at university; she will complete her degree next year.
• Trustworthy: Carrie would never

The Second Industrial Revolution (1870 - 1914)

Raw Materials and Industrial Resources

In this second stage, the raw materials used were the same as in the first revolution. These are natural. At this stage, petroleum-based raw materials and others that come from nature appeared. It deals with chemical raw materials, like plastic and other types of tissues to be used in the textile industry. Wood was no longer used as frequently, and the use of minerals increased.

Primary Energy Sources and Power

Electricity and oil were mainly used. This means that there was a big change from the previous stage. Coal was still used because it was the fuel of the steam engine, but it was replaced by the previously mentioned sources and hydropower, as water accumulated... Continue reading "Impact of the Second Industrial Revolution 1870-1914" »

Number of Solutions in Linear Systems

• a) Intersecting Lines (X): Consistent Independent System (Unique solution).
• b) Coincident Lines (/): Consistent Dependent System (Infinite solutions).
• c) Parallel Lines (//): Inconsistent System (No solutions).

Methods for Solving Systems

Substitution Method

1. Isolate one of the unknowns in the equations: From x - y = 3 to x = 3 + y.
2. Substitute the expression into the other equation: Given 2x - 3y = 4, substitute x: 2(3 + y) - 3y = 4.
3. Solve the equation for the remaining unknown: 6 + 2y - 3y = 4 → -y = 4 - 6 → -y = -2 → y = 2.
4. Calculate the value of the second unknown: Substitute y = 2 into x = 3 + y → x = 3 + 2 → x = 5.
5. Verify the solution: Ensure the resulting values satisfy the system.

Equalization Method

1. Isolate

A. Globalisation and International Trade

• Globalisation: Countries become more connected through trade, technology, culture, and finance.
• Hard Power: Influencing countries through military or economic pressure.
• Soft Power: Influencing countries through attraction, culture, and diplomacy.
• Smart Power: Combining hard and soft power strategies.
• Reshoring: Bringing production back to the home country.
• Nearshoring: Moving production to a nearby country.
• Friendshoring: Moving supply chains to politically allied countries.
• Decoupling: Reducing economic dependence between countries.
• Offshoring: Moving production to another country for lower costs.
• Outsourcing: Hiring another company to perform a business activity.
• Supply Chain Diversification: Using multiple suppliers

Episode 1: The Mechanisms of Natural Selection

In the first episode, Richard Dawkins explains the basic mechanisms of natural selection and shows how Charles Darwin developed his theory. Teoria.com invites a class of 15-year-old pupils to ascertain the trend, finding that some students are reluctant to accept the theory due to their religious beliefs. Dawkins takes the class to the Jurassic Coast in Dorset, England, to search for fossils in the hope that the young people find the evidence of evolution for themselves.

Subsequently, Dawkins visits Nairobi, Kenya, where he interviews a sex worker who appears to have genetic immunity to HIV, predicting that under natural selection, that immunity will gradually prevail in the community. He also interviews... Continue reading "Richard Dawkins: The Genius of Charles Darwin Documentary" »

Understanding the Newspaper and Media Landscape

A newspaper is a publication designed to inform, explain, and interpret recent developments of interest to society. These are generally classified into two categories:

• Traditional Media: Newspapers, radio, and television.
• Digital Media: News outlets published primarily on the internet.

Core Elements of Communication

Effective communication relies on several key components: the transmitter, receiver, message, channel, code, and status.

Key Characteristics of Journalistic Writing

• Clarity and Precision: It is essential to use clear, precise language so the receiver understands the information without ambiguity.
• Timeliness and Relevance: Topics chosen by the issuer must be current, innovative, and of significant

Literature T-3: The Spanish Golden Age

The 16th (Renaissance) and 17th (Baroque) centuries are considered the Golden Age of Spanish arts and letters.

The Renaissance

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that revived classical Greco-Roman culture through the ideas of Humanism, which brought a profound change to the world view. It emerged in Italy during the 14th and 15th centuries and reached its peak in Europe during the 16th century.

Renaissance Poetry

• Renewal: New metric forms and themes.
• Key Poet: Garcilaso de la Vega.
• Technique: Use of heptasyllables, hendecasyllables, and stanzas like the sonnet, silva, and lyre.
• Themes: Love, nature, and mythology.
• Style: Petrarchism.

Renaissance Narrative

This period saw the rise of idealist narratives and the... Continue reading "Key Works and Authors of the Spanish Golden Age" »

English Grammar: Conditionals

First Conditional

The first conditional expresses a possible future condition, describing situations or connections between events that are likely to happen. It is used to refer to possible results and actions.

Structure: If + present simple + will + infinitive (without to) / imperative

Example: If he invites me, I will go to the party.

Second Conditional

The second conditional expresses an unreal present or future condition, describing situations that are unlikely to happen. The verb in the past tense does not refer to the past, but rather to a condition that does not exist in reality.

Structure: If + past simple + would/could/might + infinitive (without to)

Example: If I had money, I would buy an ice cream.

Third Conditional

The... Continue reading "Mastering English Conditionals and Relative Pronouns" »