Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Key Mergers & Acquisitions

• Etihad Airways and Jet Airways
• Sun Pharma and Ranbaxy
• Wal-Mart and Flipkart

Section 26 (1) of the Competition Act

On receipt of a reference from the Central/State Government, statutory authority, or upon its knowledge/information (under section 19), if the Commission believes a prima facie case exists, it shall direct the Director General to investigate.

Relevant Cases

• CCI v. Steel Authority of India Ltd

Section 27(b): Penalties

The Commission may impose penalties, not exceeding 10% of the average turnover for the last three financial years, upon enterprises party to anti-competitive agreements or abuse of dominance.

Relevant Cases

• Excel Crop Care Ltd v. CCI

Section 3(3): Anti-Competitive Agreements

Agreements that cause or... Continue reading "Understanding Competition Law in India: Key Cases and Concepts" »

Distinguishing Similar English Words

Understanding the subtle differences between similar words can greatly improve your English vocabulary and communication skills. Here's a breakdown of several commonly confused words:

Words Implying Falsehood

• FALSE: Not real.
• SPURIOUS: Not real.
• COUNTERFEIT: Made in close imitation of something else, always intended to deceive, especially of money and documents.
• FAKE: Made in close imitation of something else, always intended to deceive.
• BOGUS: Made in close imitation of something else, implying a negative value judgment.
• PHONY: Not real or true, always intended to deceive, implying a negative value judgment and arousing suspicion.
• MOCK: Made in close imitation of something else, intended as a substitute for the

The Shah Bano Case: A Landmark Indian Divorce Controversy

The Shah Bano case (1985 AIR 945, 1985 SCC (2) 556) was a controversial divorce lawsuit in India. Shah Bano, a 62-year-old Muslim woman and mother of five from Indore, Madhya Pradesh, was divorced by her husband in 1978 and subsequently denied alimony. This case sparked considerable debate about the application of different civil codes for different religions, particularly for Muslims in India.

The case led the Rajiv Gandhi government to pass the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986. This act diluted the Supreme Court's secular judgment and effectively denied destitute Muslim divorcees the right to alimony from their former husbands. The Shah Bano case generated significant... Continue reading "Shah Bano Case: Divorce, Alimony, and the Uniform Civil Code Debate" »

1 .- Concept D ° Subjective:

- Law in the objective sense is a set of legal rules governing the conduct of men

- Law in the subjective sense is contained in the substantive law (as when speaking of one or the other is because they look different aspects), is the faculty that has a subject to perform specific behavior, or refrain from it or require other The subject line of duty, serves to make, do and demand.

- These two concepts are related, since the definition of D ° objective is obtained for the individual right that could be formulated as follows: Power to act to satisfy their own interests guaranteed by law.

- There are some rights that are exercised without the consent, as the inherent rights (HR)

- We must make it clear that the... Continue reading "Subjective Rights" »

Introduction to the ECHR

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is an international treaty adopted in 1950 under the framework of the Council of Europe. It entered into force in 1953 and currently applies to 46 member states. The ECHR establishes a catalog of fundamental rights and freedoms, including the right to life, prohibition of torture, freedom of expression, and the right to a fair trial. It is based on key principles such as the rule of law, democracy, and the protection of human dignity.

The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), located in Strasbourg, is responsible for interpreting and enforcing the Convention, ensuring that states comply with their obligations. Through its case law, the ECtHR has developed crucial legal... Continue reading "Analyzing ECHR Violations: A Framework for Legal Cases" »

Article 12: Defining "The State"

Key Principles of Article 12

• Inclusive Definition: Encompasses Government, Parliament, State Legislatures, local authorities, and other authorities.
• Purpose: Defines entities bound by Fundamental Rights in Part III of the Constitution.
• Judicial Evolution: Interpretation has evolved from narrow to broad.

The "Other Authorities" Test

Pradeep Kumar Biswas Test (2002)

• Focuses on Deep & Pervasive Control (DPC).
• Requires examination of cumulative facts showing financial, functional, and administrative domination.
• Control must be pervasive, not merely regulatory oversight.
• Refines the Ajay Hasia factors, emphasizing control.

Structuralism vs. Functionalism Debate

• Structuralism: Emphasizes formal links and control focus (dominant

Uniform Civil Code in India

A common civil code, popularly known as the Uniform Civil Code (UCC), is a long-standing unresolved debate in independent India. This debate stems from Article 44 of the Indian Constitution, contained in Part 4 (Directive Principles of State Policy), which states the state shall endeavor to secure for the citizens a Uniform Civil Code throughout the territory of India. Here, the term Uniform Civil Code (UCC) implies a set of common laws governing marriage, divorce, adoption, inheritance, and other such familial matters which would be applicable to all Indians, irrespective of their religion. Today, the members of each religious community follow their own respective sets of civil laws based on their religious history... Continue reading "Uniform Civil Code in India: History and the Shah Bano Case" »

The Jury System: Pros and Cons

In criminal trials, particularly those seen on US TV, we watch juries struggling to decide guilt. However, in reality, some countries use juries while others do not. Are juries a good idea?

Arguments for Professional Judges

On the one hand, there are advantages to leaving important legal decisions to a professional judge. Jurors may not understand some aspects of a trial, such as complex legal arguments or forensic evidence. In addition, they might make hurried decisions because they've been forced to interrupt their lives for a trial and are impatient to return to their jobs and families.

Arguments for Trial by Jury

On the other hand, trial by jury means that defendants are judged by a group of their equals. Jurors... Continue reading "Public Safety, Privacy, and Justice: Debating Juries and Surveillance" »

Key Legal Terms Defined

Allegation:

A claim or assertion that someone has done something illegal or wrong.

Fugitive:

A person who has escaped from custody or is in hiding to avoid arrest.

Appeal:

A legal proceeding before a judge or other decision-making body.

Custody:

The legal control or guardianship of someone or something, often implying parental control.

Jurisdiction:

The authority of a court or legal body to hear and decide cases within a specific area.

Appellate:

Related to appeals in higher courts; reviews decisions.

Death Sentence:

A legal order authorizing the execution of a person.

Expropriation:

The act of a government taking private property for public use.

Felony:

A serious crime, such as murder or burglary, typically punishable by imprisonment

Board of Directors: Purpose and Responsibilities

1) What is the purpose of the Board of Directors?
A group of people who jointly oversee the activities of a company.

Functions:

• They must represent the interests of the shareholders and the company.
• Decide whether shareholders receive dividends and, if so, how much they receive.
• Board members approve annual budgets.
• Support the CEO, whether appointed or hired.
• Board members hire and fire top executives.
• They decide on executive compensation.

Who Is in Charge of the Board?

2) Who is in charge of the Board of Directors?
Shareholders of a public company elect the members of the Board of Directors; the board's composition may vary depending on the type of business.

Who Reports to the Board?

3) Who reports to