Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Key Concepts in Phonology

Phoneme:

The smallest contrastive unit of sound in a language (e.g., /m/, /n/ in map vs. nap).

Allophone:

A phonetic variant of a phoneme.

Assimilation:

A common phonological process where one sound becomes more like a nearby sound (e.g., not bad often pronounced as nop bad).

Elision:

The complete loss or omission of a sound (e.g., nex(t) day).

Liaison:

The pronunciation of a word-final consonant due to a following vowel sound (e.g., far away).

Understanding Prosody and Stress

Prosody refers to the rhythm, stress, and intonation of speech. Stress can be categorized into three types: primary, secondary, or reduced/unstressed.

Rhythm Types: Syllabic vs. Accentual

• Spanish (Syllabic Language): Each syllable has a similar duration. The

ñ6Dear Sir or Madam,

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Maggie... Continue reading "jsjsjsjsj" »

Unit 1 People

Global Marketing and Cross-Cultural Business Concepts

Cultural Dimensions and Context

• In high-context cultures, time is typically polychronic (flexible and simultaneous).
• Lawyers are generally more important in low-context cultures due to reliance on explicit contracts and written rules.
• The cultural environment of a country is best described by its attitudes, beliefs, and values.
• The power distance dimension reflects the degree of trust: the higher the power distance, the lower is the level of trust.
• Two countries that score high in uncertainty avoidance are Greece and Portugal.

Values and Attitudes in Global Markets

• If "vegetarianism" represents a value, then "dislike McDonald's" represents an attitude.
• Long-term values include all of the following

Chapters 1-3

1. Basic Components of Linguistic Knowledge

Syntax: Rules for combining words

Pragmatics: How language is used

Semantics: Meaning of words and sentences

Phonology: Sound system of a language

Morphology: Smallest unit of meaning in language

2. Properties of Human Language

a. Vocal-Auditory Channel: Speech is based on sounds.

b. Interchangeability: The same person can both transmit and receive messages.

c. Complete Feedback: While speaking, we can monitor what we are saying.

d. Arbitrariness: No direct connection between a word and its referent.

e. Discreteness: Language is based upon a vocabulary of independent, movable units.

f. Displacement: We use speech to refer to things in other times or places.

g. Cultural Transmission: One generation... Continue reading "Fundamentals of Linguistics: Properties and Systems" »

Sibyl Vane

A poor, beautiful, and talented actress with whom Dorian falls in love. Sibyl’s love for Dorian compromises her ability to act, as her experience of true love in life makes her realize the falseness of affecting emotions onstage.

James Vane

Sibyl’s brother, a sailor bound for Australia. James cares deeply for his sister and worries about her relationship with Dorian. Distrustful of his mother’s motives, he believes that Mrs. Vane’s interest in Dorian’s wealth disables her from properly protecting Sibyl. As a result, James is hesitant to leave his sister.

Mrs. Vane

Sibyl and James’s mother. Mrs. Vane is a faded actress who has consigned herself and her daughter to a tawdry theater company, the owner of which has helped her... Continue reading "Character Descriptions in The Picture of Dorian Gray" »

Symbolism of Settings in The Scarlet Letter

The Scarlet Letter, a historical fiction masterpiece by Nathaniel Hawthorne, uses setting to powerfully connect fact and fiction. The diverse settings, such as the marketplace, the forest, the scaffold, and Hester's cottage, serve as symbols supporting the novel's themes.

The Marketplace: A Symbol of Puritan Society

The marketplace represents the austere Puritan society. As a main gathering place, it was always populated, and all laws were strictly enforced. Every action was observed and judged, reflecting the rigid nature of Puritan life.

The Forest: A Place of Autonomy and Truth

In contrast, the forest is the antithesis of the Puritan world. Here, individuals are autonomous, governed only by their own... Continue reading "Symbolism of Settings in The Scarlet Letter" »

The English Language and People

Caedmon

The history of the English language and people is a biography, focusing on Caedmon. This narrative account, written by The Venerable Bede, informs readers about Caedmon's life, teachings, and beliefs, highlighting his importance as a historical figure during the Anglo-Saxon and Medieval periods. Bede's writing style reveals his purpose: to teach readers about Caedmon's contributions.

Caedmon's influence on the community stemmed from his hymns, songs, and poems, which he used to preach the word of the Lord. He embodied the idea that dreams can become reality, inspiring others to pursue their aspirations. By continuing God's vision of evangelization through his compositions, Caedmon shared his experiences... Continue reading "Caedmon, Chaucer, and Shakespeare: A Literary Journey" »

In my opinion, Hamlet is a very good work because it expresses all the feelings of a real son. Life and death are two prevalent themes in the work, as well as in our daily lives. I liked the way Hamlet's ideas are portrayed as he seeks to avenge the death of his father. He is truly a clever man, which is evident throughout the story.

I highly recommend this book. It's a captivating story that keeps you engaged and eager to find out whether Hamlet will ultimately succeed in avenging his father's death. It is a tragic tale that explores relevant topics of our time and will leave a lasting impact. It is truly a remarkable work that I highly recommend.

The Lost Sheep

If some man has a hundred sheep, and one of them is lost for him, does not abandon he the ninety-nine in the mountain, and go and seek that one that he lost? And if he finds it, truly I tell you that he rejoices more for that one than over the ninety-nine that he has never lost.

Old Testament: Book of Genesis. Abraham and Isaac

1. God wanted to test Abraham's obedience and called his name.
2. And said to him in this manner.