Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

Key Formulas and Concepts

• Ea = Er * (Xi-X) / X DataTraveler 100
• Class = Ea / FE DataTraveler 100
• p = No (No products) · p (unitario PRICE) = Cf + Cu · n
• Q (Optimal Lot) = [2k (cost realization Checkout) * Q (full productions a year) / g (annual cost)]

Historical Timeline

1939-1945: Early Franco Era

1939 -> Responsibility '40-Civiles> Masonry and Suppression.

'39-'45-> 10,000 executed.

1943-1950s: Post-War and Isolation

'43 (Cortes) and Spanish Law -> last fascist redoubt-> Fr '48' 46 UN ambassadors and eliminate military tribunals. Isolation affects business-> succession laws kingdom. Cold War-> '50 UN Mars' 53

1960s: Technocratic Modernization

'60s-'69-> Technocratic-> Modernization of society and economy. '66 Press law, religious... Continue reading "Spanish History: From Civil War to Democracy" »

The Cardenista Legacy

The Mexican Revolution destroyed the oligarchic state, leading to the birth of a new state that incorporated agricultural and urban masses. The search for a balance between these social forces and the former dominant sectors did not reach equilibrium until the government of General Lázaro Cárdenas del Río. The Cárdenas administration faced challenges arising from the co-existence of power with the 'Jefe Máximo' of the revolution, Plutarco Elías Calles. This confrontation between Cárdenas and Calles manifested in struggles within cabinets and among representatives of both powers in Congress.

Several contradictions existed within the ruling group:

1. Attempts by the political elite to restrict channels for political advancement

Economic and Social Developments in 17th Century Spain

Economic and Social Developments in the Seventeenth Century: Generally, one can speak of an economic depression with a mild recovery in the last third of the century (during the reign of Charles II).

• Agriculture: Productivity was very low due to a lack of manpower and archaic methods. The areas of irrigation show the impact of the expulsion of the Moors.
• Husbandry: There was a major decline in transhumance due to the difficulty of exporting wool.
• Industry: Since the previous century, Spain lost competitiveness compared to northern Europe due to inflation and the rising crisis in wages. From 1620, there was a decline in the interior wool textile industry.
• Commerce: Trade was hampered by poor

The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera

The crisis of liberalism and the Restoration model led to the coup of Primo de Rivera, who succeeded without resistance. He had the support of the king and the sympathy of public opinion. The new regime was based on different political foundations than liberalism: a one-party system (Patriotic Union), representing corporate and routine administration in the hands of the military or technicians.

There was a regenerationist will to dismantle caciquismo and promote Spanish nationalism against peripheral nationalism. He controlled order by declaring a state of war and reformed provincial and municipal governments. The war in Morocco ended after the landing of Alhucemas. The dictatorship had two phases: the military... Continue reading "Spain's Political Turmoil: Primo de Rivera & Second Republic" »

Consequences of the Economic Crisis

The crisis significantly impacted various aspects of social life. It halted population development, leading to a decline in birth rates. Population movements were also affected, disrupting urban concentration as the struggling industry couldn't absorb the unemployed workforce. International migration was jeopardized, impacting immigration.

The crisis did not affect all social groups equally. Some sectors benefited by maintaining their income levels, while shareholders and business owners faced ruin. Workers lived in fear of unemployment, and peasants, though initially buffered by their domestic economies, eventually suffered.

Intellectual and Political Repercussions

Intellectually, the crisis fostered a re-evaluation... Continue reading "Economic Crisis: Consequences, Political Impact, and Solutions" »

Vietnam War: Origins and Conflict

Vietnam War: Following the end of the Indochina War of independence in 1954, the territorial division of Vietnam into two states was ratified.

The Communist leader Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam announced the decision to send troops to conquer South Vietnam. In 1960, the Communists in South Vietnam formed the National Liberation Front, also known as the Vietcong, and supported the offensive in the north to achieve reunification. The Vietnam conflict became a new scenario of the Cold War.

This was the origin of a long war that lasted 20 years. The Americans, along with the governments of South Vietnam, provided troops and armament. Because of the wear faced by a population, the guerrillas in the United States had difficulty... Continue reading "Vietnam War and Cuban Missile Crisis: History" »

Political Consequences of World War I

Policies

• The traditional dynasties (Habsburg, Romanov) were dethroned.
• Democracy gained ground.
• Universal male suffrage was introduced in most of Europe, and some countries recognized women's suffrage.

Territorial Changes

• Dissolution of the great empires.
• Emergence of new countries: Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Yugoslavia (Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia, and Montenegro), Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic and Slovakia), and Hungary.

The Rise and Crisis of Democracy

The peace treaties that ended World War I led to the emergence of new states in Europe. Most of them introduced parliamentary governments. At the same time, ideological currents questioning democracy were born. Groups of veterans,... Continue reading "Post-WWI Europe: Rise of Democracy and New Nations" »

Peninsular War and Constitution of 1812

Following the Treaty of Fontainebleau, signed by Spain and France, French troops entered Spanish territory, ostensibly to invade Portugal. The subsequent Mutiny of Aranjuez was instigated against the unpopular Manuel Godoy, provoking King Charles IV's abdication in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. Napoleon Bonaparte then forced both to abdicate in Bayonne, installing his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, as King of Spain. This marked the beginning of the War of Independence (Peninsular War).

During the conflict, the Cortes of Cádiz drafted the liberal Constitution of 1812. The Cortes adopted numerous reforms reflecting liberal principles, effectively ending the Ancien Régime.

Ferdinand VII: Absolutism and Liberal

Charles IV (1788-1808)

The year after his accession, the French Revolution broke out.

• In the first place, it ended enlightened reforms. Following the execution of Louis XVI, Spain, along with other absolutist powers, declared war on France.

• Manuel Godoy allied with France, and Napoleon signed the Treaty of Fontainebleau to carve up Portugal.

Under the pretext of invading Portugal, French troops entered Spain and occupied strategic points in the peninsula. This provoked a popular rebellion against the policies of Godoy, the Mutiny of Aranjuez. As a result, a deposed Charles IV abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinand. Napoleon offered to mediate in the conflict between father and son, attracting them to Bayonne, where he managed to secure their... Continue reading "Charles IV Reign, War of Independence & Liberal Revolution" »

The Moderates in Power (1845-1850)

The Configuration of the Moderate Regime

The new court had an overwhelming majority of moderates, with General Narvaez as head of government. The regime was based on the social, economic, and political dominance of the landed gentry. It was not a return to old absolutism, but rather a conservative liberalism that implemented reforms to the state.

The Constitution of 1845 reflects the basic ideas of conservatism:

• The rejection of national sovereignty and its replacement with the joint sovereignty of the king and the courts.
• Expansion of executive power and reduction of the powers of the courts.
• Commitment to maintaining the cult and clergy.
• Municipalities and county councils under the central administration.
• Suppression