Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Consequences of World War I

Following the conclusion of World War I, the Allied powers convened peace talks to determine the future global order.

The Paris Peace Conference and the Big Four

• The Allies held peace talks at Versailles, France, in 1919.
• The principal leaders involved were known as “The Big Four”:
  • Italy: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando
  • France: Georges Clemenceau
  • Great Britain (GB): David Lloyd George
  • USA: Woodrow Wilson
• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson presented his plan for lasting peace, known as the Fourteen Points, advocating for “peace without victory.”
• A key principle was Self-determination: the right of different nationalities to form their own independent nations.
• Wilson's 14th point called for the formation of the League of Nations.

CARLOS V of the Holy Roman Empire

- Inheritance Maternal: Castilla, Navarra, Aragon, and Territories Italy

- Inheritance Paternal: German Lands, Netherlands, Franche-Comté

- Domestic Policy: Uprisings against a Foreign King: 1. The Revolt of Comuneros in Castilla: Nobles, Bourgeoisie, and Peasants increasing taxes/Battle of Villalar 1521/Bravo, Padilla, Maldonado were killed. 2. Germania Revolts in Valencia and Mallorca: The nobility and the rebels were defeated.

- Foreign Policy: 1. The Papacy was afraid of Carlos V's imperial power. 2. France was surrounded by the territories of the empire, and King Francoise I fought Carlos V. 3. Defending Christianity, Carlos V took Tunis defeated in Algiers

Conflicts with Protestants

4. He defeated the German... Continue reading "Spanish Monarchs: Carlos V, Felipe II, Felipe III" »

CHAPTER 15

THE MAKING OF RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION

The successor of Lincoln, Andrew Johnson, was identified as the leader of the 'honest yeomen' (1865-1869). Also, his political skills attracted the public opinion around the states. His politics offered pardons to the white in the southern elite and accepting local affairs to be managed by the new states government. This government started developing new laws restricting blacks of their freedom. Afterwards, republicans called for the dissolution of the government of Johnson and the guarantee of the right to vote for black men. History shows us that most republicans were moderated rather than radicals, but they bill to the congress to extend the life of the Freedmen's Bureau. In the 14 Amendment,... Continue reading "Radical Reconstruction: A Turning Point in American History" »

Hitler's Aggressive Aims

Hitler's aims were aggressive, and he openly stated them in his book "Mein Kampf" in 1924:

1. Destroy the Treaty of Versailles.
2. Create a Greater Germany (a country of all the German people).
3. Lebensraum (living space) to conquer land for Germany in Eastern Europe.

The Policy of Appeasement

During the 1930s, Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement - they gave Hitler what he wanted in order to keep the peace.

British public opinion did not want another war. People believed Germany was treated harshly by the Treaty of Versailles, so were entitled to take back the Rhineland and do all the other things they did.

Political opinion: Chamberlain was a pacifist.

German propaganda led Britain to believe that Germany was too strong... Continue reading "Hitler's Aims, Appeasement, and WWII Causes" »

The Vietnam War (1945–1975)

In 1945, communist Viet Minh forces led by Ho Chi Minh declared independence from France. France did not accept this declaration, initiating the First Indochina War. This conflict pitted Soviet-supported guerrillas in the North against the French army in the South, which received US support.

The war ended in 1954 with the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu and the subsequent division of the country between a communist-led government in the North and a pro-Western government in the South.

Following the French withdrawal, the US significantly increased its military presence in Vietnam to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam by the North. This escalation led to the Second Indochina War (the Vietnam War), characterized... Continue reading "Cold War Flashpoints: Vietnam Conflict and the 1962 Missile Crisis" »

Stalinism in the USSR

After Lenin's death in 1924, Stalin became the leader of the USSR and a totalitarian regime developed.

• He controlled all branches of government, including the army, which he used against his political enemies. People who opposed him were executed or sent to prison camps in Siberia.
• The economy was planned and controlled by the state. There was no private property, and industries were nationalized.
• In theory, the Soviet Union was classless, but there were enormous social differences. The ruling elite had access to all types of consumer products, while the rest of the population suffered from shortages of food and basic necessities. Many died of starvation.

Women and Stalinism

Stalin restricted women's rights and freedoms, suppressing... Continue reading "A Comparison of Stalinism in the USSR and Democracy in the USA" »

1.Write down four ways in which Hitler broke the Treaty of Versailles?He stopped paying WWI reparations.He built up the armed forces.He united Germany and Austria (Anschluss).He invaded Czechoslovakia

2.What was Neville Chamberlain´s main aim in his policy towards Hitler? To maintain peace.

3.How did Hitler achieve Anschluss?Nazis in Austria caused disturbances. Hitler used this to force the Austrian chancellor to resign. The Austrian Nazis then took over and invited the Germans into Austria to “restore order”.

4.Why did Britain and France agree that Germany could take over the Sudetenland?More than 50% of the population of the Sudetenland was German, so they thought Hitler’s demand was reasonable.In return.Hitler signed a statement to... Continue reading "Steps to war - aggression by japan, italy and germany 1931-1939" »

History 201 First Exam Study Guide

Study Guide for First Exam which will be on May 20

Below are the key terms and events that could be on the first exam

1st exam possible study guide

Roanoke and Croatoan:

• First English Colony was at Roanoke
• THE COLONISTS AT ROANOKE DISAPPEAR AND THE 

ONLY CLUE AS TO THEIR FATE WAS THE WORD

“CROATOAN” CARVED INTO A TREE

• Big mystery in history, what happened at Roanoke?

Jamestown:

• THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IS ESTABLISHED AT JAMESTOWN IN 1607

BELIEVING THAT THE COLONISTS AT

ROANOKE WERE KILLED BY INDIANS,

• THE COLONISTS AT JAMESTOWN SET

UP THEIR COLONY ON A SWAMPY ISLAND

WHICH WOULD BE EASY TO DEFEND

Nathaniel Bacon:

NATHANIEL BACON, AN ARISTOCRAT who 

LEAD A GROUP OF INDENTURED SERVANTS

AGAINST THE ARISTOCRACY... Continue reading "History 201 First Exam Study Guide" »

Key Concepts and Events

Nueva Planta Decrees

After the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V approved these decrees, replacing existing laws and institutions in the Crown of Aragon. This consolidated power under the monarchy.

Land Ownership

• Manos Muertas (Mortmain): Land owned by the Church and religious orders, which could not be sold.
• Mayorazgos: Land owned by noble families, inherited entirely by the firstborn son.
• Realengos: Land owned by the king.

Economic Developments

Domestic Trade: Initially hindered by internal customs and poor road conditions. The Bourbons invested in infrastructure and created the intendente role to organize provincial economies.

The Catastro: A comprehensive registry of rural and urban properties.

Royal Factories: Grand... Continue reading "18th & 19th Century Spanish History & Politics" »

League of Nations Agencies: A Better World?

Health Committee

Aims

Address dangerous diseases and educate people about health and sanitation. Collect statistical information, spread new ideas, and develop programs to combat illness.

Achievements

• Collected statistical information and spread best practices.
• Sponsored research into infectious diseases.
• Developed vaccines and medicines against deadly diseases.
• Launched a global campaign to exterminate mosquitoes, reducing cases of malaria and yellow fever.
• Worked to prevent plague outbreaks.

Obstacles

None specified.

International Labor Organization

Aims

• Improve working conditions.
• Persuade member countries to adopt suggestions.

Achievements

• Banned poisonous white lead from paint.
• Limited the working hours of young