First Carlist War: Phases, Supporters, and Aftermath

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The First Carlist War: A Detailed Account

Phases of the First Carlist War

  1. Formation of the Basque-Navarrese Insurrection (1833-1835)

    The army managed to suppress Elizabethan Carlist nuclei, except in the Basque Country and Navarra, where Carlist Colonel Zumalacarregui formed an army from the existing guerrilla bands.

  2. The National Expeditions (1836-1837)

    The Carlists organized forays outside of the two nuclei in their control (Basque Country and the Mastership). Several military expeditions traveled the Cristino territory, but hardly found popular support. The most important was the actual issue.

  3. The Elizabethan Initiative and the Convention of Vergara (1837-1839)

    The signing of the Convention of Vergara (1839) was symbolically sealed with the embrace between Espartero and Maroto. This agreement ended the war in Navarre and the Basque Country and implied the acceptance of Carlist soldiers into the Elizabethan army, representing their category.

  4. The End of the War in the Mastership (1839-1840)

Chartism remained militarily active throughout the nineteenth century, claiming in particular the maintenance of privileges and causing two more conflicts: the Second Carlist War (1846-1849) and the Third Carlist War (1872-1876).

Supporters of the Carlist Faction

The Carlist faction gained the support of various sectors of Spanish society:

  • Farmers and smallholders who feared becoming laborers.
  • The lower nobility of northern Spain, who felt threatened by the tax exemption.
  • The more conservative sectors of the Church, rural and regular clergy, against measures of disentailment.
  • Groups of artisans who feared the demise of the guilds.
  • Some army officers, unhappy with the country's development.
  • Rural areas.
  • Some regions, especially the Basque Country, Navarra, northern Catalonia, and areas of the peninsula and Castile, wanted to preserve their customs, privileges, and traditions.

Big cities generally did not support them, nor did the commercial, industrial, or financial bourgeoisie.

Supporters of Queen Elizabeth II

Workers in the cities, the ecclesiastical hierarchy, the nobility, remained loyal to Queen Elizabeth II, as did most of the army.

International Support

Internationally, the closest states (France, Portugal, and the UK) signed the Quadruple Alliance with the Elizabethan regime.

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