Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Lot of people were killed during the war, but the killings did not stop and a period of official state reprisal began. Those suspected of affiliation with pro-republic ideologies were summarily rounded up and executed. Many people fled the country.

The new Francoist state officially branded Biscay and Gipuzcoa as ‘traitorous’ provinces. This served to legitimize the state terror imposed on the inhabitants of the two provinces. Inhabitants were terrorized for being Basque.

Measures:

• Total suppression of the Basque language
• Only university in the Basque Provinces was closed
• Libraries of social and cultural associations were seized by troops and there was mass burning of books in Basque
• Teaching of the language was prohibited in all schools
• The use

Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance created by the USSR and the people democracies in Eastern Europe to defend themselves from the capitalist bloc. The GDR was a new style created in the part controlled by the USSR in the German territory. It was created in 1949 and existed until 1990 when the two German reunified. It was a single party with a planned economy.

United Nations

The United Nations was an organization created on June 20th, 1945, in the conference of San Francisco to replace the League of Nations. Its main objectives initially were maintaining peace worldwide, promoting international cooperation, respecting human rights, and promoting the self-determination of colonies.

Normandy Landing

The Normandy Landing was the arrival... Continue reading "Warsaw Pact, GDR, United Nations, Normandy Landing, Revolution of 1905, Soviets, February Revolution of 1917, October Revolution of 1917" »

Civil War & Reconstruction Era

1. Worrying about anti-slavery sentiment in Europe contributed to Lincoln's decision to address the issue of slavery.
2. The Civil War ended when Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia.
3. One of President Lincoln's goals for Reconstruction was to reunify the nation.
4. The outcome of the impeachment proceedings against President Johnson was that the House impeached the President, but the Senate failed to remove him.
5. During his presidency, Ulysses S. Grant gave high-level advisory posts to untrustworthy friends and acquaintances.

Industrialization & Urban Life

6. Electricity was an innovation that extended the number of hours in a day that Americans could work and play.
7. Samuel Gompers was a labor leader

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Modern Art Movements

• Futurism: An artistic movement begun in Italy in 1909, which strongly rejected traditional forms and embraced the energy and dynamism of modern technology. Launched by Filippo Marinetti, it had effectively ended by 1918 but was widely influential, particularly in Russia on figures such as Malevich and Mayakovsky.
• Expressionism: A style of painting, music, or drama in which the artist or writer seeks to express the inner world of emotion rather than external reality.
• Avant-garde art: The people and ideas that are ahead of their time. Usually, it refers to a movement in the arts, like Dadaism, or in politics, like anarchism.
• Cubism: The Cubist art movement began in Paris around 1907. Led by Pablo Picasso

Introduction to the Great War

Between 1871 and 1914, intense rivalries among European nations led to the formation of two powerful alliances that ultimately clashed during the First World War.

The First World War was fought by these two opposing alliances, involving various European countries, as well as the USA and Japan.

Pre-War Tensions and Causes

The period of uneasy peace in Europe at the end of the 19th century was marked by several significant sources of tension:

• Franco-German Rivalry

  France sought to recover the region of Alsace-Lorraine, which it had lost to the German Empire in 1871.

• Balkan Nationalism

  Between 1878 and 1908, the Austro-Hungarian Empire occupied and then annexed Bosnia-Herzegovina. This action fueled nationalist protests from

The Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuba, an ally of the Soviet Union, received diplomatic and financial aid. Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev decided to convert Cuba into a Russian base. In 1962, he placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, threatening the US mainland. After three weeks, the US became aware of the missiles. President John F. Kennedy ordered American warships to intercept Soviet ships heading to Cuba as a warning. This standoff is known as the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The End of World War II and the Dawn of the Cold War

The end of World War II marked the beginning of the Cold War. The war concluded when the US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender. This decision remains controversial, with critics... Continue reading "Cold War and Post-Cold War Era: Key Events and Analysis" »

The Crisis of the Bourbon Monarchy (1804-1814)

King Charles IV declared war on France, resulting in a disastrous outcome. Minister Manuel Godoy sought an alliance with Napoleon against Great Britain and attacked Portugal. Public discontent forced Godoy's resignation, and Charles IV abdicated in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. Napoleon summoned both to France, paving the way for his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, to become the new Spanish king.

The War of Independence (1804-1814)

A popular revolt erupted in Madrid against French rule. Juntas and a Supreme Central Junta were formed to coordinate the resistance. Guerrilla groups emerged, and cities held firm against the invaders. British troops, led by Wellington, provided crucial support. By the end... Continue reading "Spain: From Bourbon Monarchy to Restoration (1804-1888)" »

CAUSES: The Great Depression

The Great Depression. European nations sought their own solutions such as applying protectionist measures and competition for markets. Totalitarian regimes. When the Nazis implemented an aggressive policy to compensate for the 'humiliation', the neighboring countries opted for a policy of appeasement, which was unsuccessful and two opposing blocs were formed. Militarism and rearmament. Since Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles by rearming, aggressive speech, military parades, and uniforms once again became commonplace in Europe. Territorial conflicts and expansionism. The old conflicts reignited in the territories that had passed into the hands of other nations after the First World War and Germany reasserted... Continue reading "Causes and Consequences of World War II: A Comprehensive Overview" »

Opposition to Franco's Regime

There was harsh persecution of people who had opposed Franco during the war or later. Thousands were jailed or executed, but, despite this, an armed guerrilla resisted in the mountains during the 40s (the Maquis).

From the 50s, opposition was organized from those who were in exile, including parties and unions like PCE, PSOE, CNT, UGT, and CCOO. Also, monarchists were asking for a return to democracy, as well as the nationalist parties.

During the 60s, the number of demonstrations and strikes increased despite the repression. Universities also became a strong anti-Franco force. Even anti-Francoist groups emerged from the church.

End of the Franco Dictatorship

• 1969: Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón was chosen as Franco'