Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Causes:

• Root Causes:

  • Socio-economic imbalance
  • Privileged social groups opposed the Republicans' reforms
  • Workers' disillusionment at the slowness of Republican reforms
  • Tradition of army intervention

• Immediate Causes:

  • Political violence
  • Deterioration of public order
  • Coup led by Sanjurjo, Mola, Franco, Godet, Queipo de Llano

Supporters:

• In Favor of the Coup:
  • Anti-Republicans
  • Falangists
  • Monarchists
  • Landowners
  • Church
  • Part of the army
  • Traditionalists
• Against the Coup:
  • Part of the military
  • National Police
  • Assault Guard
  • Working class
  • Part of the middle class

International Intervention:

• France and UK remained neutral
• No intervention, no help
• Non-Intervention Committee
• USSR sent weapons and money to the Communist Party
• International Brigades to fight for democracy
• Germany and Italy

The Crusades: Expansion of Christianity in the Middle Ages

The Call to Arms

The expansion of Christianity during the Middle Ages extended beyond Europe to the eastern Mediterranean through a series of religious wars known as the Crusades. Occurring between the late 11th and early 13th centuries, these wars were sponsored by the papacy with the primary goal of reclaiming Jerusalem, the holy city, from Muslim control. In the 11th century, the papacy had compelling reasons to initiate an expedition against Muslims in the East. Such an endeavor would solidify the pope's claim as the leader of Christian society in the West. Furthermore, a significant theological rift had divided the Greek Church of Byzantium and the Roman Church of the West in 1054.... Continue reading "The Crusades: A Medieval Religious and Political Movement" »

Unification of Italy and Germany

(Pag 40)

After the revolutions of 1848, these unification processes were started. They were supported by the bourgeoisie and ideologically by liberalism and nationalism.

Italian Unification

The Italian peninsula was divided in seven different states. Besides, since 1815 Austria controlled the policy in Italy. However, Piedmont (the Kingdom of Sardinia), a northern kingdom with a liberal system, wanted to unify the whole of Italy into one state.

In 1859, Cavour, the Prime Minister of Piedmont, and Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy (the king) started the war against Austria. Piedmont was allied with France (Napoleon III). Austria was defeated and Lombardy passed to Piedmont.

In 1860, Garibaldi, a revolutionary leader, took... Continue reading "Unification of Italy and Germany in the 19th Century — Nationalism & State Building" »

The Gunpowder Plot of 1605

King James I faced pressure from the Protestant elite, leading him to renege on promises made to Catholics. Frustrated by persecution, they sought to establish a Catholic monarch, resulting in the Gunpowder Plot. This plot aimed to assassinate the King by detonating explosives in the English Parliament. The plot was foiled by the discovery of the Monteagle Letter, which warned of the impending danger. The conspirators were subsequently tortured, confessed, and executed, worsening the situation for Catholics.

Charles I and the English Civil Wars

James I died in 1625, succeeded by his son, Charles I. In 1641, Irish Catholics revolted, causing panic in England. Tensions between Charles and Parliament escalated over financial... Continue reading "Gunpowder Plot and English Civil Wars: Causes and Consequences" »

From Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England

From the 1st through the 5th centuries, England was a province of the Roman Empire called Britannia. These Britons adapted to the Roman lifestyle and civilization, but some ruins remained. The withdrawal of the Roman Legions left the island vulnerable, creating an opportunity for invaders. In the 5th century, three Germanic tribes arrived in Britain: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes.

The Anglo-Saxon Arrival and Conquest

The Anglo-Saxon conquest was gradual, a process extending over decades of fighting against the native Britons, who were mostly confined to the regions of Wales.

The Return of Christianity

The Britons converted to Christianity, like the rest of the Empire, when in the 4th century, Emperor... Continue reading "Anglo-Saxon England: History, Christianity, Literature" »

The Vietnam War: Origins of the Conflict

Vietnam, formerly known as Indochina, was under French rule until World War II. The first significant challenge to French power occurred in 1930 with a rebellion. However, the major turning point came in 1940 when France was defeated in World War II, leading to Japanese occupation of Vietnam's key resources.

Rise of Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh

During the war, an anti-communist movement emerged under the leadership of Ho Chi Minh. In 1920, he studied communism in the USSR and later founded the Indochinese Communist Party in 1930, inspiring the Vietnamese people to fight for independence. In 1945, the Viet Minh, led by Ho Chi Minh, entered Hanoi and declared Vietnamese independence.

French Return and the

Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa

The Role of Islam and Culture

Can democracy coexist with Islam in the MENA region? While some argue that Sharia law should be considered, the imposition of Islam on minorities raises concerns. A study by Jamal and Telsser found that both secular and Muslim individuals identify as democratic, suggesting that cultural factors alone may not hinder democracy.

Economic Development and Inequality

Applying Lipset's theory, which links economic prosperity with democratic sustainability, we see that some Arab countries are wealthy, even rivaling established democracies. However, per capita income doesn't reflect wealth distribution. The UN Human Development Index, which considers factors like urbanization and... Continue reading "Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa: An Analysis" »

Transcendentalism: Philosophy and Literature

As much a religion as a philosophy, Transcendentalism provided a system of beliefs that adequately reflected the prevailing thoughts and opinions of Americans. The Transcendentalist movement created a romantic philosophy that would become a rallying point for America’s greatest thinkers, artists, and poets, who were already intent upon finding a way to express the essential spirit of the American experience.

Historical Trends of the Early 19th Century

The framers of the U.S. Constitution in 1787 had crafted a new experiment on the world’s political stage. The political faith that ‘all men are created equal’, as expressed in the Declaration of Independence, was only an ideal. Thomas Jefferson... Continue reading "The Core Principles of Transcendentalism: Emerson and Thoreau" »

18th Century Economic Policies

Physiocracy: This economic theory, championed by François Quesnay, posited that a nation's wealth originated from the land, encompassing agriculture and mining. Land provided sustenance and raw materials, which artisans transformed into manufactured goods. Merchants then sold these goods, generating wealth. Economic Liberalism: This doctrine, developed by Adam Smith in his seminal work, The Wealth of Nations, asserted that individual effort aimed at maximizing profit is the source of wealth. Smith argued that a nation's wealth, accumulated through individual endeavors, benefits society as a whole. He advocated for minimal state intervention, proposing that supply and demand naturally regulate production, and prices... Continue reading "18th Century Economic and Political Transformations" »