Spain's 1868 Revolution: Causes, Events, and Constitution
The Glorious Revolution of 1868
Origins and Alliances
A coalition of progressive forces, disgruntled Democrats, and unionists signed the Pact of Ostende in 1866. The pronouncements of Admiral Topete on September 19th, 1868, led to a revolutionary movement known as La Gloriosa.
This revolution was the result of an alliance between progressives and unionists, gaining approval from prestigious military figures. A true revolutionary ideology was at play, with the Democratic party contributing significantly. Its aim was to block and end the parliamentary system, which was seen as ineffective against the poor economic situation. However, it was a distorted revolution because the Democrats were later excluded and persecuted.
The Uprising and Its Aftermath
The revolution quickly spread across the peninsula. Prime Minister González Bravo resigned, and the Battle of Alcolea ensued, where rebel troops clashed with loyalist forces. The rebels emerged victorious, leading to the exile of Queen Isabella II.
Formation of the Provisional Government
The revolutionary junta took power and tasked General Serrano with forming a provisional government. This government was formally established with the arrival of General Prim. It provided for the dissolution of the previously formed provisional juntas. Progressive ministers and four or five loyalist Democrats were initially excluded.
The primary goals to control the revolution were:
- Finding a joint solution for governance.
- Reorganizing the National Militia.
- Disarming the Volunteers of Liberty.
- Disciplining the army.
Initial Reforms and Popular Demands
Some popular demands were addressed, including:
- Abolition of consumption taxes.
- Emancipation of children born to enslaved parents after the revolution.
- A decree on educational freedom and reform of secondary education.
- A decree on freedom of the press.
Towards a New Constitution
In a manifesto to the nation, the government outlined its reform agenda, which included: universal suffrage, freedom of religion, education, press, association, and assembly. The peseta was also established as the national currency.
A distance formed between Republicans and moderate Republicans. Municipal elections were held, followed by Constituent Parliament elections, resulting in a majority for progressives and unionists. However, this political process largely overlooked the urban and rural demands of the popular classes.
The 1869 Constitution: Key Provisions
On June 6th, 1869, the Constitution was enacted. It established national sovereignty, popular sovereignty, and the division of powers. It regulated all recognized individual rights.
Universal suffrage was established, creating a bicameral system. Senators could be elected by universal indirect vote, or be the single largest contributor, or possess high capabilities.
The Search for a New Monarch
The king retained powers similar to those in previous constitutions, but the necessity to seek a new king was raised, as Isabella II had been exiled.